Is Ureaplasma spp. the leading causative agent of acute chorioamnionitis in women with preterm birth?  J. Kikhney, D. von Schöning, I. Steding, J. Schulze, A. Petrich, A. Hiergeist, U. Reischl, A. Moter, A. Thomas  Clinical Microbiology and Infection  Volume 23, Issue 2, Pages 119.e1-119.e7 (February 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.010 Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Ureaplasma parvum in placenta and fetal membranes in two women. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of placenta and fetal membrane tissue visualized Ureaplasma spp. using the pan-bacterial probe EUB338CY3 (orange) and the nucleic acid stain DAPI (blue), revealing small intracellular microorganisms of the expected morphology and size of 0.1–1 μm diameter. Specific real-time PCR subsequently identified the bacteria as U. parvum. (a) Overview of placental tissue with an overlay of CY3 (orange), FITC (green, background) and DAPI (blue) filter sets shows scattered Ureaplasma spp. within the tissue. No signal of the nonsense probe NON338CY5 is detected in magenta. The inset is a higher magnification of the area marked showing mostly intracellular bacteria surrounding host cell nuclei. (b) Massive infection of the fetal membranes of another woman with Ureaplasma spp. as shown in the overlay of CY3 (orange), FITC (green) and DAPI (blue) filter sets. No signal of the nonsense probe NON338CY5 is detected in magenta. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2017 23, 119.e1-119.e7DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.010) Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in fetal membranes. A section of a fetal membrane specimen was hybridized with STAPHYFITC (green), SAUCY3 (orange), NON338CY5 (magenta) and stained with the nucleic acid stain DAPI (blue). (a) Overview: overlay of all filter sets shows Staphylococcus aureus biofilms consisting of STAPHY- and SAU-positive bacteria (yellow in overlay) within the fetal membrane. No signal of the nonsense probe NON338 is detected in magenta. (b) Higher magnification of the inset marked in (a). Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2017 23, 119.e1-119.e7DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.010) Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions