Šećerna bolest Dr Sanja Jalšić 02.05.2012..

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Šećerna bolest Dr Sanja Jalšić 02.05.2012.

3,2 miljuna ljudi umire svake godine zbog dijabetesa Dijabetes je 5. vodeći uzrok smrti u svijetu (Roglic et al 2005) 3,2 miljuna ljudi umire svake godine zbog dijabetesa (WHO) Rizik smrti u osoba s dijabetesom 2 x je veći nego u osoba koje nemaju dijabetes!

Dramatičan porast broja oboljelih do 2025. godine 333 mil. 194 mil. 72% (WHO)

Lack of excercise.jpg

Pretilost

Diabetes mellitus Šećerna bolest nastaje zbog nedostatka hormona inzulina Inzulin je hormon koji izlučuje gušterača Najčešća endokrina bolest čovječanstva 190 milijuna registriranih dijabetičara u svijetu Broj novootkrivenih u neprestanom porastu Povećanje se odnosi većim dijelom na tip 2 Uzroci porasta: porast broja stanovništva, starenje čovječanstva, loše prehrambene navike, porast tjelesne težine, smanjena fizička aktivnost...

Demetrius iz Apomeiae (300 g Demetrius iz Apomeiae (300 g.prije Krista) prvi put spominje DIJABETES- proticanje stanje ljudi obilježenih izražajnim mokrenjem

John Rollo i Johan Frank oko 1800.g. MELLITUS – sladak kao med

Tip 1 razaranje β stanica gušterače Tip 2 od prevladavajuće otpornosti na inzulin do prevladavajućeg nedostatka lučenja Drugi specifični tipovi (genetski defekti β-stanice ili inzulinskih receptora; b. gušterače, endokrinopatije...) Trudnička šećerna bolest intolerancija glukoze nastala u trudnoći bez obzira da li je poslije poroda tolerancija glukoze normalna

Osnovna razlika u terapijskom pristupu Kod tipa 1 razina inzulina je smanjena ili ga nema – neophodna je terapija inzulinom Kod tipa 2 razina inzulina je često povišena, radi se o bolesti inzulinske rezistencije

Učestalost dijabetesa tipa 2 u svijetu Australija i Oceanija Europa Južna Amerika SjevernaAmerika Azija Afrika 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Prevalencija T2DM (miljuni) Amos et al. 1997

Dijabetes tipa 2: čimbenici rizika dob (> 45 godina) etnička skupina obiteljsko nasljeđe pretilost (ITM > 27 kg/m2 ili > 20% idealne tjelesne težine) tjelesna neaktivnost povišen krvni tlak povišene masnoće u krvi The main problem in type 2 diabetes appears to be due to subtle biochemical changes that impair the normal response to glucose stimulus and the response of the target cells to insulin, which leads to insulin resistance. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include: age (>45 years, to be tested every 3 years) ethnicity overweight (BMI >25 kg/m2) sendentary lifestyle high calorie intake (high fat, high sugar, low protein content) lack of exercise hypertension (>140/90 mmHg) dyslipidaemia (HDL cholesterol <0.9 mmol/l and/or triglycerides >2.8 mmol/l) genetic factors (first-degree relative with diabetes) delivery of baby >4 kg previously diagnosed with gestational diabetes previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Watkins et al. Diabetes and its Management, Ed. 6. Blackwell Publishing, 2003;

DIJABETES U RH Učestalost (1997., izvor: 1. hrvatski zdravstveni projekt) ≈ 9 % (dobna skupina 18 + god.) 42 % osoba ne zna za bolest (neotkriveno) broj novootkrivenih/100 osoba sa dijagnosticiranom bolešću od 31 u ST regiji do 114 u ZG regiji Broj oboljelih > 300.000

Komplikacije dijabetesa Direktni troškovi dijabetesa i povezanih bolesti iznose između 2,5% i 15% godišnjeg proračuna za zdravstvo Procjenjuje se da će direktni troškovi dijabetesa u zemljama s visokom prevalencijom doseći 40%

Osobe s dijabetesom imaju 16 puta veći rizik za amputaciju uslijed periferne vaskularne bolesti Persistent hyperglycaemia in people with diabetes cause damage to the microvascular circulation and to cells that are not dependent upon insulin for their glucose uptake. Excessive levels of glucose cause permanent damage to the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy) and autonomic and peripheral nerves (neuropathy). The chronic microvascular complications are rarely seen before 5–7 years’ duration of diabetes in type 1 diabetes. In contrast, type 2 diabetes patients often present at diagnosis with retinopathy, neuropathy or foot ulceration, as many of them have been living for years with mildly elevated blood glucose before they are diagnosed. Hypertension additionally contributes to the severity of microvascular complications,

Dijabetes je vodeći uzrok sljepoće, amputacija i zatajenja bubrežne funkcije Kardiovaskularna bolest najčešći je uzrok smrti u dijabetesu tipa 2 (75%)

Što želimo postići liječenjem? oslobađanje od simptoma hiperglikemije poboljšanje kvalitete života sprečavanje tj. usporavanje razvoja komplikacija smanjenje smrtnosti liječenje popratnih bolesti/komplikacija Što želimo postići liječenjem?

Na što nastojimo djelovati? Normalizaciju glukoze u krvi Regulaciju krvnog tlaka Regulaciju masnoća u krvi Smanjenje tjelesne težine Prestanak pušenja Povećanje tjelesne aktivnosti

DIJAGNOZA ŠEĆERNE BOLESTI (obavezno dvije vrijednosti, kapilarna puna krv) 11.1 mM/L 7.8 mM/L 7,0 mM/L na tašte 2 sata iza OGTT

Ciljevi liječenja šećerne bolesti GUK natašte < 6 mmol/l 2h nakon obroka < 8 mmol/l HbA1c do 6,5% LDL < 3 mmol/l RR 130/80 mmHg

Korist od gubitka tjelesne težine Smrtnost vezana uz dijabetes manja za 30% to 40% Smanjena potreba za inzulinom Rizik nastanka dijabetesa manji za 50% Gubitak tjelesne težine za 10% Pad sistoličkog i dijastoličkog tlaka za 10 mmHg HbA1c  by 15% Pad ukupnog kolesterola za 10%; LDL manji za 15% trigliceridi niži za 30% HDL viši za 8% Two potential benefits of even a 10% reduction in weight on a BMI that is classified as overweight/obese include improved insulin sensitivity and increased HDL levels. At the same time, a 10% weight loss leads to a reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (by up to 50%) and a fall in: Insulin requirements Blood pressure Fasting glucose Total cholesterol LDL cholesterol HbA1c Triglycerides. Glikemija natašte niža za 30% do 50% (bolja osjetljivost na inzulin) Jung 1997, Goldstein 1992

Preporuke za prehranu – ukratko: Ugljikohidrati: 45-65% (većinom škrob) Dijetna vlakna: minimalno 20g/1000 kcal Masnoće: 20-35% Bjelančevine: 10-20% (0,8 g/kg/dan) Sol: < 3000 mg/dan Vitamini i minerali: uz balansiranu prehranu nisu potrebni; o nadomjescima razmisliti u slučaju stresa, bolesti i općenito pojačanih ili dugotrajnih psiho-fizičkih napora These recommendations were developed by experts based on research evidence. Healthcare providers should keep abreast of the latest studies in this area through professional journals as these recommendations are reviewed periodically. It is important to explain carefully that the dietary recommendations for the intake of fats are broken down in the following way: Total fats (20-35%) to include saturated <10% polyunsaturated <10% monounsaturated >10% cholesterol <300 mg/day.

Čimbenici koji utječu na glukozu u krvi Unos hrane (ugljikohidrata) povećava razinu glukoze u krvi Tjelovježba smanjuje razinu glukoze u krvi Stres može povisiti glukozu u krvi Alkohol snižava razinu glukoze u krvi Blood glucose is affected by food and alcohol intake, exercise and stress. Food – the carbohydrates in a meal lead to a rise in blood glucose levels. Exercise – the muscles consume glucose for their increased energy needs, and as a result blood glucose may decrease. Stress – stressful events lead to the secretion of stress hormones, which may lead to an increase in blood glucose levels. Alcohol – despite the common belief that alcohol consumption increases blood glucose levels, in fact it is just the opposite. Moderate alcohol consumption does not affect blood glucose levels. Heavy alcohol consumption, especially without parallel food intake, may decrease blood glucose by suppressing liver glucose production.

Tjelovježba i dijabetes Povećava osjetljivost na inzulin Tjelovježba povećava sposobnost organizma da iskoristi inzulin, čime se regulira razina glukoze Regulira glukozu u krvi Tjelovježba uklanja glukozu direktno iz krvi kako bi je iskoriostila za energiju tijekom vježbanja i poslije Regulira tjelesnu težinu/količinu masnog tkiva 4 od 5 osoba s dijabetesom je pretilo Studije su dokazale da gubitak tjelesne težine popravlja opće stanje, Smanjuje rizik od kardiovaskularne bolesti U osoba s dijabetesom povećan je rizik KV bolesti

Kako započeti? Odaberite jednu aktivnost (primjer: brzo hodanje) Postavite cilj - najmanje 30 minuta dnevno, 3-5 dana u tjednu Nabavite udobnu obuću za hodanje Pronađite društvo! First choose a type of activity that you will enjoy and that’s convenient for you. Walking is the most popular type of exercise and it’s safe for most people to do. If you are unable to walk, you might choose swimming, chair exercises, or water exercises. Set your long-term goal – to get the most benefit from physical activity, it’s recommended to be moderately active at least 30 minutes, 3-5 days a week. Be sure to wear appropriate clothing and shoes for the activity you select. Walking with a partner can help keep you motivated and provide some support. But, don’t rely on a partner who is not totally committed – that can actually be detrimental to your success.

Postupno povećavajte aktivnost Početnici: Prvi tjedan - 3 puta tjedno Ujutro: Hodajte 5-10 minuta Nakon ručka: Hodajte 5-10 minuta Nakon večere: Hodajte 5-10 minuta If you’re not used to walking, begin very slowly. Start with 3 days a week. You can break up the time into 5-10 minute increments if that’s easier for you. After the first week, gradually increase the length of time and frequency every 1-2 weeks. Be sure to write in a book or on your log sheet how far and how long you walk each day.

Tjelovježba i srčane bolesti Oprez! Izrazito naporne aktivnosti Podizanje teškog tereta ili naporno istezanje Tjelovježba pri izrazitoj hladnoći ili vrućini Odaberite: Umjerene aktivnosti kao što je hodanje, plivanje, vožnja bicikla, rad u vrtu Umjerene vježbe snage, vježbe istezanja If you have heart disease, exercise is still beneficial, but can also be unsafe if it’s too strenuous. Your doctor may suggest that you enter a supervised cardiac rehabilitation program when you first begin your physical training. Definitely get your doctor’s okay to do more than just moderate walking or water exercises.

Tjelovježba i hipertenzija (visoki tlak) Oprez! Izrazito naporne aktivnosti Podizanje teškog tereta ili naporno istezanje Odaberite: Umjerene aktivnosti poput: hodanja podizanja laganih utega istezanja If you have hypertension, make sure your blood pressure is in control before you begin a new exercise program since your blood pressure response to exercise will be greater. If you have high blood pressure, it’s best to avoid very strenuous activities like heavy weight lifting and straining which can increase your blood pressure significantly. But, keep in mind that walking and moderate activity can lower your blood pressure. Some medications like beta-blockers change your heart-rate response to physical activity and can mask the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. Be sure to monitor your blood glucose and blood pressure.

Vježbajte sigurno Prestanite vježbati ukoliko osjetite bol, vrtoglavicu, ili vam ponestaje daha Izbjegavajte naporne aktivnosti pri izrazito vrućem, hladnom ili vlažnom vremenu Odaberite prikladnu obuću kako bi ste smanjili rizik od ozljede Stop exercising if you feel dizzy, light-headed, or have any type of unusual pain. Exercising in extremely hot or cold weather can be dangerous. Wear proper shoes that fit well.

Učinak tjelovježbe Povećava osjetljivost na inzulin Popravlja opće tjelesno stanje Smanjuje čimbenike rizika za kardiovaskularnu bolest Smanjuje rizik od hipertenzije Povećava rizik od hipoglikemije!

Učinak fizičke aktivnosti na šećernu bolest tipa 2 Šetnja [ sati/tjedno*] 1.5 4 5.5* 7.5 12 Tjelesna masa [kg] +0.8 +0.6 +0.1 - 2.2 -3.0 -3.2 Opseg struka [cm] +1.0 -0.9 - 3.8 -5.5 -7.1 HbA1c [%] +0.03 -0.06 -0.44 - 0.8 -1.11 -1.19 RR sist. [mmHg] -1.8 -1.5 -6.4 - 5.5 -6.6 -9.2 RR dijast. [mmHg] -4.6 -2.4 -2.9 - 4.8 -5.3 Kolesterol [mg/dl] -3.8 -5.6 -10.2 - 10.7 -7.4 -10.9 LDL-kol. [mg/dl] -4.5 -3.4 - 5.3 -6.3 -7.7 HDL-kol. [mg/dl] +1.1 +2.9 + 5.6 +10.4 +6.3 Trigliceridi [mg/dl] +3.4 +2.1 -48.2 - 55.2 -57.4 -68.4 CAD rizik [%] -0.3 -2.6 - 3.7 -4.8 -4.3 Učinak fizičke aktivnosti na šećernu bolest tipa 2 Di Loreto C et al. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1295-302. p < 0.05 * 45 min šetnje (7km/h) dnevno 5km 42 42 42