PLANT REPRODUCTION

I. Sexual Reproduction *pollen – a structure that contains the male gametophyte *ovule – a structure that contains a female gametophyte *pollination – the transfer of pollen grains from the male reproductive structure of a plant to the female reproductive structure of a plant

Flower Reproductive Structures

A. Flowers (Angiosperms) Basic Flower Structure: petals – one of the ring/rings of brightly colored leaf-shaped parts of a flower sepals – outermost whorl (ring of leaves) that protect the flower bud stamen – male reproductive structure of a flower that produces pollen and consists of an anther at the tip of a filament pistil/carpal – female reproductive part of a flower that produces seeds and consists of an ovary, style, and stigma

Basic Flower Structure (Carpal) Receptacle

B. Cones (Gymnosperms) *consist of whorls (circles) of modified leaves called scales *many gymnosperms produce both male and female cones on the same plant; in some, male and female cones form on separate plants

Two Types of Cones: male cones (pollen cones) – produce pollen grains female cones (seed cones) – produce ovules

Male vs. Female Cones

C. Seed Structure: seed coat – outer layer of seed; protects the embryo endosperm – nutritious tissue in seed; may not be present in a mature seed because it has already been used up embryo – a new developing sporophyte cotyledon – leaf-like structure or seed leaves

Seed Structure

II. Asexual Reproduction 1. vegetative reproduction – reproduction of plants from non-reproductive parts   Stems Modified for Vegetative Propagation: ex: runners bulbs all are types corms of modified stems rhizomes tubers

Vegetative Reproduction

2. plant propagation – the practice of reproducing plants from seeds or from vegetative parts Methods of Vegetative Plant Propagation: ex: budding & grafting cuttings tissue cultures

Methods of Plant Propagation