Kingdom: Plantae

Plants Chapter 21-24 Plant Basics Almost all plants have chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a chemical that gives plants their green color and traps light energy. Plants trap light energy for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from the sun to make food.

How plants are Grouped Vascular- plants that have tube like cells in their roots, stems, and leaves to carry food and water. Example: ferns, trees, seed plants, flowers Nonvascular- plants that do not have tube like cells in their stems and leaves. Instead use osmosis to take up water and minerals. Example: moss, liverworts

Nonvascular Plants

What is a plant? Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotroph Cell wall composed of cellulose

Movement & Support Cell wall with cellulose Roots, stems, rhizoids Nastic movement Sclerenchyma & collenchyma

Digestion/Obtaining Nutrients Autotroph Chloroplast/chlorophyll Leaves Roots Ingesting other organisms

Nervous/Response Nucleus Trichomes to secrete toxins Leaf modifications Hormones – growth, ripening Photoperiodism

Tropisms

Circulation Root Stem Vascular tissue (in vascular plants..duh) Xylem- carries water and minerals Phloem- carries food Osmosis and diffusion

Gas Exchange Stomata in stems and leaves Guard cells Osmosis

Excretion Stomata and guard cells

Reproduction Asexual and sexual Sexual – flower, cone; pollen grains, ovules, fruits with seeds Asexual – spores, roots, bulbs, cuttings (leaves), stems

Seed dispersal

Helpful Plants Produce oxygen Lumber Used to make paper Erosion prevention

Landscape

Food

Medicine – marijuana, digitalis (heart medication), opium

Harmful Plants Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac

Stinging nettles Nightshade – poison Weeds Allergies caused by pollen Invasive species – plants that move into an area and crowd out the original species of plants