Study Guide: Cell Cycle, Cancer, Levels of Organization, Stem cells

List the phases of the cell cycle in order List the phases of the cell cycle in order. Draw a picture that represents the cell cycle. G1, S, G2, M

List the phases of mitosis in order. Draw each phase of mitosis. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase List the phases of mitosis in order. Draw each phase of mitosis.

Explain what happens in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase- centrioles move to poles; spindle forms; the nucleolus and nuclear envelope break down; chromosomes become visible Metaphase- chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell Anaphase - centromeres split and the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes which move along spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell Telophase -the two identical groups of single chromosomes gather at opposite poles of the cell ; spindle fibers break down and newly formed chromosomes begin to unwind and spread out into a tangle of chromatin; a new nuclear membrane forms around each new group of chromosomes

Define cancer. a disease in which cells grow uncontrollably

Define mitosis. process of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

What happens in each of the phases of the cell cycle? G1 - cell growth S - DNA is duplicated G2 - preparation for mitosis M - mitosis and cytokinesis

What is a centromere? Centriole? Draw and label a picture of each. Centromere—connects sister chromatids in a duplicated chromosome Centriole—radiates the spindle

Which phases of the cell cycle occur during interphase? G1, S, G2

Cells formed during mitosis are called __________________. DAUGHTER CELLS

During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes first appear? PROPHASE

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell? METAPHASE

How do plant cells perform cytokinesis? FORM A new CELL WALL

How do animal cells perform cytokinesis? A CLEAVAGE FURROW IS FORMED AND THE CELL MEMBRANE PINCHES IN

What does the G2 Checkpoint do? MAKES SURE THE CELL CAN PROCEEDE INTO M PHASE

What is the average length of the cell cycle? 20 HOURS

What does the G1 Checkpoint do? MAKES SURE THAT THE CELL IS READY MOVE ON TO THE S PHASE

What does the metaphase checkpoint do? ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division

What is the function of cyclin? they are the “go” proteins that tell the cell to start the cell cycle

What are the structures in the nucleus that contain genetic material? CHROMOSOMES

What type of tumor is “harmless” ? BENIGN

Why do cells undergo cell division? GROWTH, REPAIR & REPLACEMENT, ASEXUAL REPORDUCTION

If someone were diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer what does that mean? CANCER STARTED IN THE LUNGS AND SPREAD

What is the role of the spindle during mitosis? PULLS THE CHROMOSOMES TO OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE CELL

A group of cells that perform a specific function are called _________________. TISSUE

A group of organs that perform a certain function are called ________________. ORGAN SYSTEM

Blood cells working together are considered to be ________________. TISSUE

What is the correct sequence of organization in the body? ATOMS—MOLECULES—ORGANELLES---CELLS- TISSUES—ORGANS—ORGAN SYSTEMS-- ORGANISMS

Define benign. tumors that do not grow in an unlimited, aggressive manner and do not metastasize; noncancerous

Define malignant. not self-limited in its growth and is capable of invading into adjacent tissues; cancerous

Define metastasize. transmitting cancerous cells from an original site to one or more sites elsewhere in the body

What is the G-0 stage? When does it occur? Explain. occurs when G1 of the next cycle should be occurring; a cell would leave the cycle & stop dividing-may be a temporary rest period or more permanent

A group of molecules make up a(n)___________________. ORGANELLE

A group of organ systems working together make up a(n) _____________________. ORGANISM

What is the primary difference between cancer cells & normal cells? CANCER CELLS GROW UNCONTROLLABLY

Why is blood considered to be a tissue? It is A GROUP OF CELLS WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM A CERTAIN FUNCTION

What happens after mitosis is complete? THE CELLS ENTER INTO INTERPHASE AND THE PROCESS STARTS AGAIN

What is the goal of stem cell research? TO REPAIR DAMAGED TISSUE

APOPTOSIS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT What will happen if a cell has damaged DNA that it can’t repair? What is the best known stem cell therapy to date? APOPTOSIS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT

What are stem cells? unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop

What is a duplicated chromosome made up of? SISTER CHROMATIDS

What structure is a good example of the interrelatedness of the circulatory and respiratory systems? CAPILLARIES