Deoxyribonucleic acid

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Presentation transcript:

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is a nucleic acid A nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides A nucleotide is made from a phosphate, sugar and base. www.chemsoc.org

Phosphate From phosphoric acid http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ChemStructures/Phospha2.gif

Sugar Deoxyribose in DNA (Ribose in RNA) http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Deoxyribose_vs_Ribose.gif

Base http://138.192.68.68/bio/Courses/biochem2/GeneIntro/GeneIntroResources/DNABases.gif

Purines http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt14/purine.gif

Pyrimidines http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt14/pyrimidine.gif

Nucleotide Condensation between the phosphate and sugar (at C5) and between the sugar (at C1) and base http://distancelearning.ksi.edu/demo/bio378/DNA_files/image002.gif

Dinucleotide Two nucelotides join by condensation http://pages.towson.edu/jdrawn/Chapter_1_Intro_to_Bioinfo_files/image005.jpg Condensation gives phospho diester bridge

Polynucleotide Up to 5 x 106 nucleotides long 5’ end 3’ end http://seqcore.brcf.med.umich.edu/doc/educ/dnapr/oligo.gif 5’ end 3’ end

DNA double helix The bases of the DNA nucleic acid form H bonds to bases of a second molecule of DNA

Table from Biological Science – Green, Stout, Taylor

A is the same amount as T G is the same amount as C Amount of purines equals the amount of pyrimidines A always bonds to T G always bonds to C

A bonds to T with two hydrogen bonds G bonds to C with three hydrogen bonds. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BasePairing.gif

The two nucleic acids wind into a double helix, with H bonds between polar groups of sugars keeping the shape of the helix. (diagram from Bioligical Sciences, green, Stout & Taylor)

The two strands are ANTIPARALLEL i.e. they are parallel, but run in opposite directions.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/dna2.gif

Arrangement of DNA in chromosomes http://www.biology.emory.edu/research/Lucchesi/multimedia/images/insert2.jpg

Histones in nucleosome DNA is wrapped around a group of 8 histone proteins and held together by another histone molecule http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/nucleosome.gif

Nucleosomes: Help in supercoiling of DNA Help to regulate transcription