Ch. 2 Notes Day 3

Objectives SWBAT identify the different parts of road/topo maps SWBAT calculate mileage between points using mileage indicators SWBAT create their own legend for a map of their choice.

Compass A compass is a tool that helps the user know what direction one is headed. On a map, a compass or a compass rose helps the user locate these directions.

Source: http://aerocompass.larc.nasa.gov Compass Rose The needle on a compass is magnetized to point to the earth's north magnetic pole. Thus with a compass, a person can roughly tell which direction they are headed. There are four major or cardinal directions on a compass- north, south, east & west. In between are the directions northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest. Direction Quiz Source: http://aerocompass.larc.nasa.gov

Directions The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west. The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest. They help describe the location of places in relation to other places.

Scale Maps are made to scale; that is, there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance. For example, each inch on the map represents one mile on Earth. So, a map of a town would show a mile-long strip of fast food joints and auto dealers in one inch.

Scale

Time Zones The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a day. As the earth rotates, the sun shines in different areas, moving from east to west during the course of a day. Places that have the same longitude will be in the same time zone.

Map Legends Religions Legend The legend is the key to unlocking the secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the legend represent something on the map. Religions Legend

Can you understand this legend?

Age Expectancy Legend

Common Legend Symbols

How to read Mileage Exit Numbers 176 Exit Numbers Black numbers show the distance between exits or interchanges (usually a small black hollow square). 37 is the mileage between two towns. The black box in Van Horn and the black box in Kent. By adding multiple black OR multiple red numbers (don’t cross the colors!!) you can calculate a distance between larger spans of highway. 37 Red numbers show the distance between the closest red arrows 47 is the mileage between the red arrow in Van Horn and the one just East of Kent at the highway interchange (small black box). 37

Ch. 2 Notes Day 4

Objectives SWBAT explain the pros and cons of different map projections SWBAT describe some of the technology we use to map our world

Mercator Projection Notice the distortion at the poles

Mercator Projection Has parallel lines of latitude and longitude. The further the lines are apart the more distortion there is. The meridians (longitude) are equally spaced; the parallel (latitude) are unequally spaced.

Unprojected Mercator Projection

Stretching with Mercator projections In real life, Greenland is much smaller than Australia. However, due to distortion (imperfections) of the projection, it appears much larger than it actually is.

Advantages and disadvantages Straight line compass direction. Latitude and longitude are easily determined. Shapes of lands are shown correctly. Useful for navigations. Exaggerated size of bodies located at the far Northern and Southern latitudes. For example it makes places like Alaska and Antarctica appear much larger than they are.

Conic Projection Note the distortion at the top and bottom of the map

Conic Projection Made by projecting lines/points from a globe onto a cone. The “sides” of the cone only touch at a single latitude. Areas at this latitude are very accurate on the projection Distortion increases the farther you get away from this latitude

Advantages and disadvantages Very accurate at the latitude where the cone touches the globe Used to create accurate road maps and weather maps Only accurate for small areas Areas are shrunk towards the top of the cone, and stretched near the bottom of the cone.

Gnomonic Projection Note the bending distortion as soon as you depart from a single point. Affects direction and land mass size

Gnomonic Projection There is very little distortion at point of contact. It is very useful for plotting air travel; however, it is not a common map for ground navigation.

Advantages and disadvantages Straight line on a gnomonic projection is the shortest point between two places Very accurate at the single point it is projected from Good for air travel Large amounts of direction and area distortion Not useful for overland travel

Geologic Maps Show distribution, arrangement and types of rocks located below the soil. Also contain information about fault lines and other geologic features.

Topographic maps Used to show changes in elevation. Can be used to find rivers lakes and other useful topographic features. Contour lines- lines of equal elevation. Contour interval- difference in elevations between lines.

Remote Sensing Remote Sensing- gathering data using equipment mounted on satellites, airplanes, and ships Landsat Satellite- measures reflected energy wavelengths from the Earth’s surface, and uses it to map pollution, earthquakes, rivers, cities, etc. TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite- uses radar to map the ocean floor. Used to map ocean depths during hurricanes and can estimate sea level to a few millimeters. From space… Sea Beam- similar to TOPEX/Poseidon but it attached to the bottom of a ship. Used by fishermen, deep-sea drilling, and oceanographers. Global Positioning System (GPS)- Uses a system of satellites to triangulate positions on earth. Recreational units are accurate to a few feet. Geographic Information System (GIS)- a large database where many different types of information are stored about different locations.

Landsat

TOPEX/Poseidon

Sea Beam

Ch. 2 Notes Day 5 Topographic Maps

Objectives SWBAT determine slope and elevation of a location on a topo map SWBAT identify hills and valleys on topo maps

Topographic Maps

Topographic Maps A. Topographic maps show the shape and elevation of the land. B. They also show man-made features such as roads, development, trails, etc.

Contour Lines A. Topographic maps use Contour Lines to show elevation and land shape. B. A Contour Line is a line on a map that connects places of equal elevation.

Contour Lines NEVER intersect! C. The Contour Interval is the difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines D. Index Contour- a contour line that is numbered with the elevation. Contour Interval Contour Lines NEVER intersect! Contour Interval

D. Contour lines never cross or intersect.

What is the contour Interval? 1st: Calculate the difference between the 2 index contours. 2nd: Count the number of contour lines between the 2 index contour lines and add 1. (This is how many “Steps” the elevation has changed) 3rd: Divide the difference calculated in #1 by the number of “steps” figured in #2 and you will get the value of the contour interval. What is the contour Interval?

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How Topographic Maps are made A. The land is surveyed to find the elevation of the land. B. A contour interval is chosen based on how steep the land is. C. Lines are drawn connecting places with equal elevation.

Interpreting land shape A. Contour lines that are spaced close together show STEEP land. Elevation is increasing over a short distance. B. Contour lines that are spaced far apart show land that is NOT steep (a gentle slope). Elevation isn’t changing much in a given distance.

*Locate the features listed in your notes

Mountains and depressions A. Contour lines form closed circles around mountain peaks. B. An area of depression is indicated with hash marks pointing in on the circle. This indicates that elevation goes down.

Rivers A. Because rivers erode land, the area beside a river has a lower elevation than the land around it. This appears as dips in the contour lines. The point of the dip always points UPSTREAM, or up hill.

Profiles