Bell-Ringer PICK UP THE THREE THINGS AT THE FRONT (1 packet, 2 papers) 1) Who were the two researchers who won the Nobel prize for research on how cortical cells respond to light? 2) What is the point called where the optic nerves cross over? 3) How long does it take for rods and cones to completely adjust for dark adaptation? 4) What are cones specialized to deal with? How many do we have?
Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects
What Do You See? In your notes, write down what you see in the pictures in the upcoming slides
Reversible Figures- a drawing that is compatible with two interpretations that can shift back and forth The same visual input can result in radically different perceptions Principal reason that people’s experiences of the world are subjective Perceptual set- readiness to perceive a stimulus in a certain way Manipulate people’s expectations! How does culture impact people’s perception?
Input selection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahg6qcgoay4 What do we focus our attention on? How many times does the white team pass the basketball?
Inattentional Blindness The failure to see visible objects or events because one’s attention is focused elsewhere People tend to overlook obvious things that are unexpected and they are not focused on http://abcnews.go.com/WhatWouldYouDo/video/fall-lost-dog-inattentional-blindness-19859278 Auditory as well!
Feature Analysis Information isn’t any good if we don’t recognize any objects! Feature Analysis- process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form
Bottom-Up processing Hubel/Wiesel recap Bottom-Up Processing- progression from individual elements to the whole Does this reflect everything?
Top-Down Processing Top-Down processing- the progression from the whole to the elements Reading words!
Subjective Contours Subjective Contours- the perception of contours where none actually exist
Gestalt Principles
Gestalt Psychology Germany in the 20th century (1900’s) ( “gestalt” means ‘shape’ in German) The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Is The King of Pop Really Moving? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7n2YF7mfP5s
Phi Phenomenon The illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession Movies and TV?
Figure and Ground Figure-what is being looked at Ground- background against which it stands Figures More substance Appear closer Higher contrast Greater in symmetry Smaller
Proximity Things close to each other seem to belong together See what I did there?
Closure Group elements to create a sense of closure, or completeness
Similarity Group stimuli that are similar
Simplicity Pragnanz (German for ‘good form’) People tend to group elements that combine to form a good figure
Continuity Tendency to follow whatever direction they’ve been led Tendency to connect points that result in straight or gently curved lines that create smooth paths
The Virgin Mary in a Lemon Slice or Nah? http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2007/10/episode-31- lemon-slices-and-a-new-face-on-mars-gestalt- principles-at-work/
Formulating perceptual hypotheses Two kinds of stimuli Distal- stimuli that lie in the distance (the world outside the body) Proximal- stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors (These are the two dimensional versions of their actual three-dimensional counterparts)
Making sense- Perceptual Hypothesis An inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed We make educated guesses about what form it is!
Old Woman
Old Woman vs. Young Woman Why the ambiguity? You see the one you expect to see/are led to see
Necker Cube Where is the front? Where is the back?
Context is everything Words and surrounding letters create expectations
Experience-based observations We recognize everyday objects more quickly when presented with familiar viewpoints as opposed to unfamiliar viewpoints Certain things go together!