Continued Notes on Causes of Civil War Nation Breaking Apart Continued Notes on Causes of Civil War

For Review……

The Dred Scott Case A Supreme Court Case involving a slave from Missouri named Dred Scott. Scott’s master had taken him to live in Illinois and Wisconsin Territories before returning to Missouri. After his master died, Scott sued for his freedom based on the fact that he had lived in free territory, and therefore, was a free man.

The Dred Scott case looked at three separate issues… Was Scott a U.S. citizen with a right to sue in a federal court? Did living in a free territory make him a free person? Was the Missouri Compromise Constitutional?

Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott was not a citizen & had no right to sue in a Federal Court. Chief Justice Taney went further and said no person of African blood had the rights of citizenship under the U.S. Constitution. Even if Scott was born free, he could not sue in courts. It did not matter where he had been taken, Scott was now in Missouri and that is what mattered. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress could not ban slavery in the territories. This violated a person’s right to own property, a right protected by the 5th amendment

John Brown’s Attack “The Kansas Raider” He wanted to lead a slave rebellion through the South and end slavery once and for all. Brown and 18 followers (13 white & 5 black) attacked the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. After 36 hours of fighting, they surrendered to Federal Troops, led by Robert E. Lee. Tried for treason, found guilty, and hanged.

Northerners began to perceive John Brown as a martyr because he was willing to sacrifice himself for the anti-slavery cause. Could they do less? Thoreau (civil disobedience) called Brown a “crucified hero” South now feared slave revolts led by northern abolitionists. They could no longer trust the Northerners.

John Brown’s Body Popular military marching song in the Union Army Makes Brown out to be a hero Inspires Julia Ward Howe to write her own lyrics which become even more famous as “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” Still a popular hymn, Howe’s version becomes the unofficial anthem of the Union during the Civil War

John Brown’s Body *mouldering means decaying John Brown's body lies a-moldering in the grave But his soul goes marching on CHORUS: The stars above in Heaven are looking kindly down On the grave of old John Brown He captured Harper's Ferry with his nineteen men so true He frightened old Virginia till she trembled through and through They hanged him for a traitor, they themselves the traitor crew CHORUS: Glory, Glory, Hallelujah His soul goes marching on *mouldering means decaying

Battle Hymn of the Republic Julia Ward Howe’s version Battle Hymn of the Republic Julia Ward Howe’s version. She wrote these lyrics with the tune from John Brown’s Body in mind. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord;  He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of Wrath are stored;  He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible Swift sword;  His truth is marching on. CHORUS Glory, glory! Hallelujah!  Glory, glory! Hallelujah!  Glory, glory! Hallelujah!  His truth is marching on. I have seen Him in the watch fires of a hundred circling Camps;  They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and Damps;  I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring Lamps;  His day is marching on.

John Stuart Curry, Tragic Prelude, 1938-1940, John Brown and the clash of forces in Bleeding Kansas. A mural in the Kansas State Capitol, Topeka, Kansas. 1. Identify 3 symbols from the painting and what you think they represent. 2. Does this painting make Brown appear a hero or a villain? 3. Explain.

John Brown’s capture after his 1859 raid at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, ended his plans to free the slaves. This 1884 painting by Thomas Hovendon shows Brown leaving the courthouse after being sentenced to death. Brown’s raid shook the nation. Why did Northerners and Southerners have such different reactions to Brown’s raid?

What events deepened the division between North & South? Review…… What events deepened the division between North & South? Dred Scott Case Lincoln Douglas Debates John Brown’s Raid

Election of 1860 Democratic party split over slavery & popular sovereignty. Northern Democrats - S. Douglas from Illinois Would not abandon idea of popular sovereignty Southern Democrats – J. Breckinridge from Kentucky The Vice President - protect slavery

*Since the Democratic Party was split, the Republicans knew they had a good chance of winning the election. Their platform was based on limiting the spread of slavery. - They chose A. Lincoln as their candidate. 4th Party - Constitutional Union Party – focused on a way to compromise and save the Union. They nominated John Bell from Tennessee

Election of 1860 Results Lincoln - 180 Electoral Votes North – main contenders were Lincoln and Douglas South- main contenders were Bell and Breckinridge Lincoln - 180 Electoral Votes 1,865,593 pop. votes Douglas - 12 Electoral Votes 1,382,713 pop. votes Breckinridge - 72 Electoral Votes 848,356 pop. votes Bell - 39 Electoral Votes 592,906 pop. Votes Lincoln won the race with 60% of the Northern votes without winning a single Southern state!

Election of 1860 Which political party and candidate would have won if the election was based on the popular vote? Which political party received the same percentage of electoral and popular votes?

Election of Lincoln / Est. of the Confederacy

Southern States Leave Union Southern radicals believed Lincoln would free all slaves. After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina 1st to leave. Justified leaving on basis of States’ Rights During the next 8 weeks - Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas left the Union. In Texas, Gov. Sam Houston opposed secession and he was removed from office.

Pathway to Secession

Confederate States of America Established President - Jefferson Davis. Constitution patterned after U.S. Constitution. Capitol in Montgomery, then moved to Richmond, Va. Only 1/4 of southern families owned slaves. Most southerners were fighting for their homes, felt they had been invaded.

Where is Washington?

Northern Response Union was one and indivisible. Felt the south was upset over loss in election. Majority had spoken in the election of 1860.

Attempt at Compromise John Crittenden proposed re-instituting the Missouri Compromise. Lincoln opposed the plan. Republicans refused to allow the spread of slavery. Lincoln would not abandon Union property in southern states. Lincoln called for calm & no show of force.

Crisis at Ft. Sumter Ft. Sumter needed to be re-supplied. South Carolina demanded Federal troop withdrawal. If Lincoln withdrew the troops, he would be recognizing the Confederacy. If he re-supplied, he risked war. If he did nothing the troops could starve or surrender the fort.

Fort Sumter Would you resupply Ft. Sumter if you were Lincoln? Why or why not?

Lincoln decided to send relief. Confederates demanded the surrender of the fort before relief could arrive. 4:30AM, April 12, 1861 - the Confederate Guns opened fire on Fort Sumter. 34 hours later the Union troops surrendered - no casualties in this Confederate victory & 1st conflict of the Civil War.

Review…. What was the main issue in the election of 1860? Popular sovereignty, State’s Rights, and slavery.

Review….. Why did Lincoln’s election cause southern states to secede? The southern states believed the northern abolitionists would force the freeing of all slaves & this work wreck the southern economy.

Review…. What was Lincoln’s attitude toward seceding states? Lincoln want calm, peaceful reasoning to bring the south back into the Union. He believed the Union must not be split.

Stay tuned for the Civil War…our study will start next…...