Ch. 13 Notes---Electrons in Atoms Atomic Models (See Fig. 13.2) (1) Model: a ball of (+) charge containing a number of e- no ________________ often described as the “________ _______________” atom. (2) Model: a ____________ of (+) charge surrounded by a number of e- no _____________ and no e- orbitals Thomson nucleus plum pudding Rutherford nucleus neutrons

Atomic Models (3) Model: a nucleus of (+) charge that also contains ______________ nucleus is encircled by e-’s located in definite orbits (or paths). e-’s have ___________ energies in these orbits e-’s do not lose energy as they orbit the nucleus (4) Mechanical Model: no definite ____________ to the e- path (“fuzzy” cloud) orbits of e-’s based on the _________________ of finding the e- in the particular orbital shape. Bohr neutrons fixed Quantum shape probability

Bohr Atomic Model

Bohr Atomic Model

Quantum Mechanical Model

Quantum Mechanical Model

Quantum Mechanical Model

Energy Levels Diagram: (Fig. 13.3) The energy levels in an atom are sort of like _________ of a ladder. The more energy an electron has, the __________ away from the nucleus it usually will be. The energy levels are not evenly spaced. They get ___________ together as you travel farther away. To move from one “rung” to another requires a “____________” of energy. rungs farther closer quantum

continuous energy levels quantized energy levels

How Electron Configurations Relate to the Organization of the Periodic Table

Electron Configurations & Properties How do electron configurations relate to the chemical and physical properties of an element? All elements with the _________ outer shell e- configurations have the ________ properties. This means that elements in the same ____________ group have similar properties. Examples: (1) Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs all have __ lone “__” e- for their last orbital... (_____, _____, _____, etc.) This makes all of them ___________ reactive. They all react with __________ to produce hydrogen gas. (2) Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn all have the outer energy level completely __________ with electrons...(________, ________, ________, etc.) This makes all of them ______________. They do not produce __________________! same similar vertical 1 s 1s1 2s1 3s1 very water filled 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4p6 inert compounds

More Practice Problems (1) Which element has its last electron as a 4p5? ___________ (2) Which elements are similar in properties as Bromine? __________ (3) What would the outer shell electron configuration look like for the element underneath Radon, (Rn)? (4) Which electron is added after 6s2? ________ (5) Which element would “borrow” a 5s electron to get a half-filled “d” sublevel? ___________ (6) What is the shape of the last orbital filled in Calcium, (Ca)? _____ (7) How many electrons are in the last “p-orbital” of Sulfur, (S)? ____ Bromine F, Cl, I, At …7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6 4f1 Mo sphere 4

Electromagnetic Radiation Any wave of energy traveling at a speed of ___________ is called electromagnetic radiation. There are many types of electromagnetic radiation and each type has a different _______________ and _______________. Here are the types of electromagnetic radiation from longest to shortest wave or lowest to highest frequency. These are also in order from lowest to highest energy. (See Fig. 13.10) light frequency wavelength

Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic Radiation (1) Radio Waves -- used in __________________ (2) Microwaves-- broadcasts TV signals and used to _____ _______. (3) Infrared (IR) -- we feel this as _____; _________ & ______ can “see” this. communications cook food heat Snakes owls infrared image of a cat infrared image of heating pipes under a floor

Infrared Vision

Electromagnetic Radiation (4) Visible Light -- the only radiation we can detect with our eyes. It can be separated into the colors of the spectrum with a __________. ROYGBIV (5) Ultraviolet (UV) -- gives you a _____________; _________ can “see” this; some of this radiation from the sun gets blocked by the ___________ layer prism sunburn Bees ozone flower photo under normal light flower photo under UV light

Electromagnetic Radiation (6) X-rays -- used in medicine Ouch!

Electromagnetic Radiation (7) Gamma Rays-- some radioactive substances give it off The last type of radiation is sometimes grouped with gamma rays… (8)_______________Rays -- highest energy radiation; almost all of this radiation from the sun is blocked by the ozone layer and our Cosmic Interesting superhero facts: Superman has x-ray vision. The Incredible Hulk was “created” by an accidental overdose of gamma radiation. The Fantastic Four were “created” by cosmic rays.

How Light is Produced When atoms get hit with energy (by _____________ them with electricity or by ____________ them up), the electrons absorb this energy and __________ to a higher energy level. Figure (a) As they immediately fall back down to the “____________ state”, they give off this energy in the form of a particle of ___________ (or other types of electromagnetic radiation) called a _____________. Figure (b) zapping heating jump ground light photon

How Light is Produced Each photon emitted has a specific ___________ (or frequency). The color of the light that is given off depends on how _____ the electron _______ (which depends on how big of a jump it originally made.) The farther the fall, the ___________ energy the photon has. color far fell greater

How Light is Produced energy Since electrons are located only in certain __________ levels (or orbitals) around the nucleus, only certain specific _________ of light are emitted. Scientists use a _________________ to separate these colors into bands of light. These bands of color look like a ______ code of color which is characteristic of that element. No two elements produce the same ______________ of colors. This can be used to distinguish one element from another contained in a sample. (See Fig. 13.11) color spectroscope bar spectrum

Emission Spectrum Hydrogen Spectrum Neon Spectrum

How hydrogen produces the four visible photons

All the Photons Produced by Hydrogen