19th Century Immigration to the United States “Give me your tired, your poor,  Your huddled masses, yearning to breathe free,  The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,  Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door.” Inscription on the Statue of Liberty Author: Emma Lazarus

Why Immigrate? Enduring Understanding (main idea): TEKS 8.23A: identify selected racial, ethnic, and religious groups that settled in the United States and explain their reasons for immigration Why Immigrate? Enduring Understanding (main idea): People who voluntarily migrate do so because they are looking for a better life. Political (Freedom from tyranny) Social/Religious (Way of life, practice of faith) Economic (Make more $)

Who Came to the United States in the 19th Century? TEKS 8.23A: identify selected racial, ethnic, and religious groups that settled in the United States and explain their reasons for immigration "Understand that America is God's Crucible*, the great Melting-Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and re-forming! Here you stand, good folk… at Ellis Island**, in your fifty groups, your fifty languages, and histories, and your fifty blood hatreds and rivalries. But you won't be long like that, brothers, for these are the fires of God you've come to – these are fires of God. A fig for your feuds and vendettas! Germans and Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russians—into the Crucible with you all! God is making the American." — Playwright Israel Zangwill *Crucible: A heat-resistant container used to melt ores, metals, and other materials. **Ellis Island: Site of an immigration inspection station located in New York Bay, near the Statue of Liberty. Millions of European immigrants passed through Ellis Island upon arriving in the U.S. The Melting Pot According to the Melting Pot Theory, peoples from various cultures come to America and contribute aspects of their culture to create a new, unique American culture. The result is that contributions from many cultures are indistinguishable from one another and are effectively "melted" together. Who Came to the United States in the 19th Century? English Irish Germans European Jews (mostly from Russia and Germany) Scandinavians Chinese Italians This is on your quiz!

Push-Pull Factors (What drives migration/immigration) Definition: The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place and the pull factor is what draws them to a new location. Push Factors: Population Growth Agricultural changes Industrial Revolution Religious turmoil (unrest) Political turmoil (unrest) Pull Factors: Room for development Labor shortage (Industrial Revolution) Religious freedom Political stability Individual Rights Affordable land

Labor Industry Police Fire Erie Canal Railroad TEKS 8.23A: identify selected racial, ethnic, and religious groups that settled in the United States and explain their reasons for immigration Labor Industry Police Fire Erie Canal Railroad Irish Contributions to American Society Christmas trees Easter Rabbit Sausage Polka music Kindergarten Some German Contributions to American Society Country of Origin When Push/Pull factors Where did they settle? What did they do? Britain 1607-1900s Push: not enough land, jobs, religious freedom Pull: Land, jobs, freedom, adventure Began on the east coast; settled throughout N. America Ireland 1820s, 30s & 40s Push: Famine, oppression Pull: Jobs, food, religious freedom In cities along east coast (esp. New York, Boston) Most were Catholic and many were persecuted in the U.S. as well Germany 1850s- 1890s Push:, High rent/land prices political unrest, some religious persecution Pull: Good, inexpensive farmland Midwest, especially St. Louis, Milwaukee, Cincinnati. Many German communities in Texas.xas Many farmers; sometimes nearly a whole village would transplant

Throughout the 1800s, especially after 1870 TEKS 8.23A: identify selected racial, ethnic, and religious groups that settled in the United States and explain their reasons for immigration Country of Origin When Push/Pull factors Where did they settle? What did they do? European Jews Throughout the 1800s, especially after 1870 Religious persecution in Russia, Poland, Germany, Romania and other countries Throughout the U.S. with communities sticking together. Large numbers in New York, Charleston, Scandinavians Beginning in 1825; many more in the 1880s-90s Many Lutherans and Quakers to escape religious persecution, shortage of jobs there and workers here Western New York, Northwest (Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota) Farmers, factory workers Chinese 1850s-80s Economic opportunity, the Gold Rush, political turmoil in China Mostly in California, many were miners and railroad workers. The Chinese immigrants were mostly men and suffered much racial persecution in the U.S.

One Reaction: ANTI-Immigrant Nativism: a policy or belief that protects or favors the interest of the native population of a country over the interests of immigrants. ANTI-Immigrant This cartoon is both anti-Irish and anti-Chinese.

Know-Nothings (The American Party): a political party that arose in the mid 1800s in reaction to the large number of Catholic immigrants (mostly Irish). They proposed denying suffrage, citizenship to Catholics. Analyze this “Know-Nothing” political cartoon from the 1850s Who is shown? What do the characters symbolize? Of what is the artist trying to convince us?