Eddies Momentum Height above ground Heat Water vapor Wind speed Figure 14.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2.5 1.25 2.0 0.75 1.5 0.25 Wind speed (m s-1) Deviation from mean (m s-1) 1.0 -0.25 0.5 -0.75 0.0 -1.25 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time of day (hours) Figure 14.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Height above ground (m) 16 14 12 10 Height above ground (m) 8 6 Day 14 Day 12 Day 35 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wind speed (m s-1) Figure 14.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

h m () () m h  = z/L  = z/L 6 5 Unstable Stable Unstable 4 5 3 h 2 4 1 m () 3 () -1 2 -2 -3 1 m -4 h -5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1  = z/L  = z/L Figure 14.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Neutral Unstable Stable z Height Wind speed u1 u2 Figure 14.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure 14.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

z Height raM raM raH = raM + r*b z0M r*b z0H us = 0 uz z s Wind speed Temperature Figure 14.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan