Elementary Particles Chapter 14 ~ Harris Chapter 11; Rohlf: “Modern Physics from a to Zo” www.pdg.lbl.gov Particle Adventure at http://pdg.lbl.gov/2005/html/outreach.html

Outline Fundamental Objects 14.1, 14.3, 14.5 Fundamental Interactions 14.2 Odd Topics & Strange Goings-On 14.7

Fundamental Objects leptons quarks 3 generations 3 families 6 flavors all spin ½ objects 0.511 MeV < 2 eV 105 MeV < 0.17 MeV 1784 MeV < 18.2 MeV ~350 MeV ~700 MeV 1500 MeV ~500 MeV 174000 MeV 4700 MeV

Fundamental Objects leptons quarks Binding energy is a major effect 3 generations 3 families 6 flavors leptons 3 generations 3 families 6 flavors quarks Binding energy is a major effect proton = uud = 350 + 350 + 700 = 1400 >> true mass 938 MeV

Fundamental Objects leptons quarks all spin ½ objects 3 generations 3 families 6 flavors leptons 3 generations 3 families 6 flavors quarks all spin ½ objects Electric charge of leptons Electric charge of quarks

Fundamental Objects 8 gluons --- --- (graviton) Field particles or gauge bosons 8 gluons (graviton) --- --- < 6E-17 eV 80, 91 GeV other required objects Higgs bosons LR bosons > 114 GeV > 715 GeV

Fundamental Interactions

4 Fundamental Interactions QED – Quantum Electrodynamics (electromagnetism) QCD – Quantum Chromodynamics (strong force) QFD – Quantum Flavor Dynamics (weak interaction) Quantum Gravity

Fundamental Interactions “Charge” Gauge boson “strength” Coupling constant Vertex function Range of influence QCD color RGB 8 gluons g as ~ 1 G < 1 fm QED electric charge e Photon aEM ~ 1/137 Ze ∞ QFD flavor I.V.B. W± Zo aWI ~ 10-5 gw ~ 10-3 fm (gravity) mass (graviton) agrav ~ 10-39 -- a = (vertex fn)2

Comments on Fundamental Interactions Range photons are ‘stable’  DE = 0  cDt = ∞ IVB are ‘unstable’  DE ~ 2 GeV  cDt ~ 0.1 cm gluons – no info Electric Charge all quarks and e m t and W± can participate in QED since g has no charge, g cannot interact with g ‘s. Color only quarks & gluons have color  participate in QCD Since g has color, g can interact with g‘s  “glueballs” Flavor all quarks and leptons have “flavor”, therefore can participate in QFD

Composite Objects Hadrons . mesons – qq baryons – qqq quaterions – not observed pentaquarks – i.d.i. .

QED Stationary States Reactions

QED - Stationary States Some kind of experiment to excite the system e p

Note: even though we have quessed a good potential function, we realize that we will have to include s-o, rel KE, Darwin, Lamb shift, ... -- and the perturbations could have been big.

Feynmann Diagrams g e+ g e- e- e- time e+ e- e+ e+ g g e- e+ e- e- arrows are added to help identify particles versus antiparticles e+ e- e+ e+ g g e- e+ e- e-

e- e+ m- e+ g g e- e+ e- m+ u e+ c e+ g g e- e-

QCD Stationary States Reactions

QCD - Stationary States

K1 ~ 50 MeVfm K2 ~ 1000 MeV/fm ? ? confinement term ‘Coulomb’ term As a matter of fact, must have V  0 by about 1 fm.

RUBBER BANDS U = ½ k (Dx)2 QUARK PAIRS 2 ends 4 ends stretch stretch & break stretch 2 ends U = ½ k (Dx)2 4 ends QUARK PAIRS stretch & break the color field stretch

How-To: quark-quark reactions meson ? meson ? spectator quarks Which pairs of quarks interacted?

uG uR dR dG uR uG

dR dG q = uds... uR uG Because aQCD > 1, higher order diagrams more important, can’t use perturbation theory. must use another technique to do calcs “string theory” “QCD is non-renormalizable.” (in this form)

QFD Stationary States Reactions

QFD – Stationary States need neutral & colorless system bound system of neutrinos not experimentally feasible excited states of leptons e* not observed below 90 GeV (1990) would imply lepton compositeness  must learn about QFD from reactions

QFD - Reactions Experimentally; gw = 1.7 !!! Zo e- e+ Experimentally; gw = 1.7 !!! QFD is considered “weak” only because Zo, W± are massive !

g e+ g e- e- e- e+ e- e+ e+ g g e- e+ e- e- arrows are added to help identify particles versus antiparticles e+ e- e+ e+ g g e- e+ e- e-

QFD – charged current W+ d u W- W- v u e d e W- (-1/3) (2/3) (0) (2/3) (-1) d (-1/3) e W-

Zo QFD – neutral current u (2/3) u Zo (2/3) e e e e+ Zo Zo

QFD – “flavor changing neutral currents” Zo QFD – “flavor changing neutral currents” u (2/3) c (2/3) Zo Zo d (-1/3) s (-1/3) NOT OBSERVED – or at least very rare

neutrino experiments ? ? W- d u (-1/3) (2/3)

neutrino experiments e v W- e+ d u W+ u d (-1/3) (2/3) W+ v only interact with neg quarks u d (2/3) (-1/3) …converse…

Strange Goings-On CPT CKM & MNS Matrix Unification Parity Violation Regeneration of the kaons Time Reversal Violation CKM & MNS Matrix Quark mixing Neutrino Mass-Mixing, a.k.a Neutrino Oscillations Unification Electroweak Interaction

Quark Mixing CKM matrix Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix are QCD or ‘mass’ eigenstates W- W- W- u ve vm m- d e- We have already talked about some great mysteries in physics involving the neutral kaons and the complications arising because of two states of the same mass. In the early days when people were starting to be successful describing the weak interaction, another great mystery arose. Reactions involving the top row of diagrams all occurred at the same rate, but the bottom diagram was much weaker. This s-u problem was most evident in the decay of the charged kaons. Cabibbo proposed that there was a mixing between the mass eigenstates of the d & s quarks. W- u s

Quark Mixing CKM matrix Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix

Quark Mixing CKM matrix are QCD or ‘mass’ eigenstates In the presence of the weak interaction the states are perturbed 1. d’ s’ b’ are the QFD or weak interaction eigenstates. The square of an element can be interpreted as the probability that one quark turns into another. These values are the magnitudes of the matrix elements. The m-e can be complex and it’s now understood that the complex phase angles are responsible for the CP violation problem we discussed earlier. Because this matrix is unitary, there are actually only 4 parameters required. Use of the CKM matrix has been very successful in predicting the decay behavior of the b and t quarks. weak eigenstates

Quark Mixing CKM matrix b s Weak eigenstates d probability

Analogy: Coupled Pendulum Oscillators http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JhDbR7tDbg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JGTJyAQKPc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation

Neutral Kaon System: Regeneration Collision regions (QCD) WI eigenstates QCD eigenstates QCD eigenstates

If quark mixing, why not…?

Solar Neutrino Problem MSW Effect WI eigenstates Mass eigenstates Lots of electrons vacuum 100,000 gal of cleaning fluid Search for individual Ar atoms Observed on 1/3 of what expected About 1967. http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/raydavis/pictures.htm

Neutrino Oscillations Solar Neutrino Expts (KE ~ 1 MeV) Homestake Mine, SD (Ray Davis) Explanation w/i previously existing physics with proper calculation (MSW effect) MSW effect: ve propagate through dense electrons in Sun Atmospheric (KE ~ 1 GeV) (vacuum oscill) Super Kamiokande Improper ratio of vm to ve events. Reactor Based (KE ~ 1 MeV) (vacuum oscill) KamLAND, 53 reactors, anti-ve from fission product decay . Event rate and energy spectrum Energy spectrum inconsistent with ‘no oscillation’ Accelerator Based (KE > 3 GeV) (vacuum oscill) FermiLab vs Los Alamos CERN & SanGrasso

Neutrino Oscillations MNS matrix Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix q12 ~ 34o q13 < 13o q23 ~ 45o d = ? Mass eigenstates WI eigenstates http://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/~thomson/partIIIparticles/handouts/Handout11_2010.pdf

Neutrino Oscillations Weak eigenstates probability

Analogy: Coupled Pendulum Oscillators http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JhDbR7tDbg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JGTJyAQKPc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation

Starting with an Electron Neutrino sin22θ13 = 0.10 (If it turns out to be much smaller or zero, the small wiggles shown here will be much smaller or non-existent, respectively.) sin22θ23 = 0.97 (It may turn out to be exactly one.) sin22θ12 = 0.861. δ = 0 (If it is actually large, these probabilities will be somewhat distorted and different for neutrinos and antineutrinos.) Δm2 12 = 7.59×10−5 eV2. Δm2 32 ≈ Δm2 13 = 2.32×10−3 eV2. Normal mass hierarchy. Electron neutrino oscillations, long range. Here and in the following diagrams black means electron neutrino, blue means muon neutrino and red means tau neutrino. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation

Starting with a Muon Neutrino San Grasso laboratory distance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation

The v>c neutrino experiment in current news started out to measure the conversion of vm  vt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Electron_neutrino_oscillation_short.png