Fehrat Abbas Nationalist, representing Algerian Muslims Wrote the Manifesto of Algerian People; 1942 Demanded “the condemnation and abolition of colonization” plus self-government, a new constitution, participation by Algerians in their own political affairs & equality Moderate: UDMA faction Leader in FLN; ruled in Cairo

Ben Bella Radical Arab nationalist & socialist Fought for the French during WWII Leader/founder of the FLN Imprisoned by France throughout the majority of the war After independence, becomes Algeria’s first President 1962-1965

FLN National Liberation Front Socialist Nationalist political party in Algeria (started in Cairo) Merged with several smaller groups & radicalized post-WWII The FLN's armed wing was the Armée de Libération nationale (ALN). Relied heavily on civilian support Why did they adopt guerrilla tactics?

FLN & Guerrilla Warfare By 1957, FLN evolved into a disciplined fighting force of 40,000 Applied hit-and-run tactics Originally aimed at military/police targets Eventually became a terror campaign against anyone deemed to support French authority Pieds-Noirs farms, factories, businesses, transport, communication Heavily populated French urban areas Moderate Muslims (7,000/2yrs) Harkis

FLN & GuerRilla Warfare Used assortment of hunting rifles and discarded French, German, and American WWII weapons Specialized in ambushes and night raids and avoiding direct contact with superior French firepower Targeted army patrols, military encampments, police posts, and colonial farms, mines, and factories, as well as transportation and communications facilities. Kidnapping was commonplace, as were the ritual murder and mutilation of civilians. France responded with a counter-terror campaign More than half of FLN troops were organized and stationed in Moroccan and Tunisian sanctuaries

How did the FLN organize themselves?

Women’s roles in the FLN

French Support Colons or Pieds-Noirs Harkis Organisation de l'armée secrète – OAS What were the OAS used for?

DISCUSSION Describe the FLN insurgency of November 1954. Summarize the concept of collective responsibility. How did this impact war strategy?

Fighting Tactics: Collective Responsibility Guerrilla Warfare Torture War of retaliation Foreign Aide Civilian Targets

Use of Torture Resulted in acts of kidnapping, murder, rape, torture & violence against all How did the French respond? Henri Alleg's book detailed the various torture methods, among which the famous gégène, an electricity generator initially used for telephone purposes Sleep deprivation & food deprivation (blatant violation of the Geneva Conventions) The French military also buried men alive & did mass executions Decapitations and throat slitting Policy of “collective responsibility”

Use of Torture "The interrogations are done in accordance with the provisional guide of the intelligence agent (Guide provisoire de l'officier de renseignement, OR), chapter IV: first, the officer questions the prisoner in the "traditional" manner, hitting him with fist and kicking him. Then follows torture: hanging..., water torture..., electricity..., burning (using cigarettes, etc.)... Cases of prisoners who were driven insane were frequent... Between interrogation sessions, the suspects are imprisoned without food in cells, some of which were small enough to impede lying down. We must point out that some of them were very young teenagers and others old men of 75, 80 years or more”

How were helicopters used as part of French war strategy?

Review: Why did the FLN move their guerrilla attacks to the cities Review: Why did the FLN move their guerrilla attacks to the cities? To what extent was this change in strategy successful?

Role of the Media http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GoAIhFNZ6Y

Advantages/ Strengths Disadvantage/ Weaknesses   The FLN The French Advantages/ Strengths Disadvantage/ Weaknesses Goals Strategies

Political Effects for France

Charles De Gaulle How did the conflict in Algeria change once de Gaulle was appointed as the new leader of France? How did pieds-noirs respond to this?

OAS What was the OAS? What were they used for in Algeria? Were they successful? Why or why not?

Barricades Week

Operations review With a partner, you will review over the major operations of the Algerian War. As you discuss, complete the back side of the pink worksheet.