Quick Review Unit 4: Early Modern (1450 - 1700) Ch 16 economy goes global Ch 17 changes within Europe Ch 18 westernization, expansion in Russia

Latin America Chapter 19

Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of prelates, great noblemen of our kingdoms, and other persons of learning and wisdom of our Council, having taken deliberation about this matter, resolve to order the said Jews and Jewesses of our kingdoms to depart and never to return or come back to them or to any of them.

Iberians Political centralization - trained bureaucrats Merchant / trade experience Tradition of slavery Patriarchal family structure

Venice, Genoa - Asia trade

Chronology of conquest 1492 - 1570 1570 - 1700 1700’s initial conquest and organization immigration, death of locals guns, germs, steel consolidation and maturity political and economic development reform and reorganization more intense connection, seeds of rebellion

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 - gave “New World” to Spanish based on exploration of Columbus 370 leagues West of Cape Verde islands = Spain Portugal gets “Brazil”, later used as argument for control over spice islands

Caribbean example Taino people Hispaniola Haiti Dominican Republic “Testing Ground”

private land grants with local labor 1492 - 1570 Conquest encomiendas = __________ = forced labor system of natives in Peru, similar elsewhere…also slavery 2 main areas of concentration conquerors - empire only 1/5 of treasure, men join for shares / material motive 192 Spanish cities by 1570 private land grants with local labor mita Mexico - Aztecs (Cortez 1519-1521) 25 million -> 2 million Peru - Incas (Pizarro 1533-1540) 10 million -> 1.5 million

1570 - 1700 consolidation ECONOMY haciendas self-sufficient Spanish America was 80% agricultural, but $ was in mining…..silver in Potosi provided 4/5 for entire empire Board of Trade in Spain controlled trade haciendas _______________ - Spanish ranches with native labor, food for use in Americans, only sugar + cacao exported imported sheep provided clothing industry self-sufficient consolado - merchant guild, handled exports / silver imports galleons - heavy, armed ships, regular trips

1570 - 1700 consolidation SPANISH GOVERNMENT King - Council of Indies viceroys (2) - military and legal power of king audiencias (10) - judicial divisions magistrates - collected taxes, applied laws, assigned work to local people…….famous for corruption letrados - university trained lawyers, “men of letters”

1570 - 1700 consolidation Catholic Church missionary orders of priests - Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits - worked with people leadership - appointed by government Justification for control over New World influenced culture- architecture, art, publication of books, founding of schools

Society in Latin America sociedad de castas Spanish Indian, indigenous Slave peninsulares - Spanish born creoles - born in New World mestizo mulatto BRAZIL - 2/3 African or mulatto

Family male dominated society legal authority over children until 25 women = couldn’t hold government office, under authority of husband….but did have rights to inheritance, some property rights

1700’s reorganization Internal problems(in the Americas) weaker system, independent colonies, less silver back to Spain, corruption independence identity from Europe External problems (rest of Europe) challenge by Protestant and mercantile Britain and Netherlands, stronger France European wars, increasing debt, declining population ideas of the enlightenment

1700’s reforms “enlightened despots” Bourbon family in Spain Charles III set to “revive Spain” through colonies expelled Jesuits, improved navy, model of French bureaucracy, new viceroys reported corruption, replaced creoles with governors gov ran economy ex: sugar in Cuba, ranching in Buenos Aires Pombal in Portugal - prime minister expelled Jesuits, total power, state monopolies, less corruption cotton and cacao in Amazon, pushed for population growth

1700’s reaction temporary improvements, but upset colonies Spanish colonies - increased significance of Rio de lat Plata (Argentina) and Cuba population + production increases start of revolts in 1780s- Columbia (taxes), Peru (mestizo), Brazil (mines)

Brazil - early conquest “discovered” by Cabral, 1500…settled 1532 Portuguese captaincies - land grants, feudal power Royal capital at Salvador in 1549 similar influence of Jesuit missionaries slower initial conquest

Brazil - consolidation by 1600, plantations built with imported slaves SUGAR - world’s largest producer in 1600’s by 1700, half the population was slaves more dependent upon Europe (Portugal) than Spain, more direct connections governor in Salvador, but captaincies with independent power no universities or printing press in new world

Brazil - reorganization, 1700s increased competition for sugar (Dutch, French) GOLD - 1735 - 1760, richest source in the world interior region called Minas Gerais by 1775: 150,000 slaves of total 300,000 people Rio - example of mining town, new center of trade

Brazil

SOR JUANA INES DE LA CRUZ 1651-1695

SOR JUANA Age 16 - dressed as boy to attempt to attend university Age 17 - lady in waiting at viceroy’s court, tested by theologians, philosophers, poets Age 21 - entered convent “to have no fixed occupation which might curtail my freedom to study”

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