Viewing and Listening to Effective Speeches

Physical Components of Speech Giving Volume: How does the speaker inflect or change their voice to emphasize/deemphasize their points? Smooth Delivery(Fluency): Did the speaker ever stumble or stutter as they spoke? Do they say “uh?” or “um?” Gestures: What gestures does the speaker make (eye contact, facial expression, body language)? Dramatic Pauses: Why would a speaker pause? How might pausing contribute to the speech’s effectiveness? Movement: How does the speaker move while speaking (pacing, stomping, hand movements)?

Rhetorical Components of Speech Giving Repetition (anaphora): the repetition of a word/phrase in order to build to a climax. (ex: I came, I saw, I conquered- Julius Caesar) Aphorism: a statement of principle or belief (ex: "I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” –Voltaire) Analogy: a comparison formed by similar attributes (ex: “Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what you’re going to get.” –Forrest Gump) Allusion: a reference made-directly or indirectly- to person, place or event usually from an earlier work of literature or historical event (ex: “Ask not what the government can do for us, but what we can do for ourselves.” –President Obama *alluding to Kennedy’s Inaugural Address)

Rhetorical Components Cont. Metaphor: a comparison made between UNLIKE things without using like or as. (ex: “Life is a highway…I want to drive it all night long.” –Tom Cochrane) Rhetorical Questions: a statement made in the form of a question but is not meant to be answered. (ex: "Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?”-H. L. Mencken) Logical Appeals: facts or if/then situations are used to support the logic of their speech. Emotional Appeals: the speaker will make the listener feel emotion through their use of language or tone of voice Ethical Appeals: the speaker may list qualities or use examples to support their purpose

Rhetorical Components Cont. Striking Syntax: Consider the effect those types of sentences might have on an audience when listening to the speaker. (Ask while reading/listening: What is the purpose of writing/speaking short, imperative sentences? What is the impact of writing/speaking long, balanced sentences?) Parallelism: similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses (ex: "It wasn’t a big cliff. It was only about four feet high. But it was enough to blow out the front tire, knock off the back bumper, break Dad’s glasses, make Aunt Edythe spit out her false teeth, spill a jug of Kool-Aid, bump Missy’s head, spread the Auto Bingo pieces all over, and make Mark do number two.”-John Hughes, "Vacation '58." National Lampoon, 1980).

Practice Together Get out a piece of paper and create a T-chart similar to the one below As we watch an example of public speaking, note the physical and rhetorical components used. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JmpE_5xTD0 Remember the Titans http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SbkHgx6YIo Lean on Me Physical Rhetorical

Your Assignment Choose one of the following speeches: Steve Job’s Commencement speech (2005-Stanford) Kennedy’s Inaugural Address (1961) Hilary Clinton’s “Women’s Rights are Human Rights” (1995) Any 2016 Presidential Candidate's speech **All have clips on www.youtube.com and text versions online Watch the speech for physical components Listen/read the speech for rhetorical components Document the speech you choose Take notes on a new t-chart Make a SOAPSTONE chart for the speech Write a 2 paragraph response explaining how you think the use of both physical and rhetorical components (be specific) made the speech effective. You will be doing a similar assignment in class for a larger grade, so use this as practice.