CPEG 323 – Fall 2006 Topics in Computer System Engineering – Computer Organization and Design 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Admin. Information Instructor: Prof. David L. Mills Office: 102 Evans Hall Phone: 831-8246 email: mills@udel.edu web: mills@eecis.udel.edu/~mills TA: Brian Lucas Office: 334 DuPont Hall Phone: 831-3276 Email: lucasb@udel.edu 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Deliverables Homework; six assignments, 10% Project: four assignments, 20% Midterm: 20% Final exam: 50% Resources: Linux laboratory, SimpleScalar simulator and documentation 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Reference Books John Hennessy and David Patterson Computer Organization and Design 3rd Edition Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. 2004 2. Other reference books/papers to be announced 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

What is New in 3rd Edition ? A table to show SW/HW paths for the book A Green Card Understanding program performance Real Stuff Computers in the Real World A smaller book + a CD 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Textbook 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Bibliography Journals IEEE Computer Transactions on Computers Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Bibliography Conference Proceedings PACT Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (since 1994) MICRO ACM/IEEE Symposium on Microarchitectures ISCA ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architecture 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

What is this Course About? This course is about the structure and design of digital computers. This is commonly called “computer architecture” – which is instruction set architecture + hardware organization. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Why Study Computer Organization? Not many of you will work for Intel or AMD, BUT… - Embedded systems - Compiler design - Even software developers! 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Roadmap for the Year - General overview - Performance - Instruction sets - Computer arithmetic - Single-cycle machines - Pipelining - Memory systems (RAM, caches, virtual memory) - Superscalar/VLIW and Multiprocessors - Other topics 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

ABET Outcomes Ability to apply knowledge of science (e.g., computer architecture and system organization, and related computer science issues), and engineering (e.g., performance analysis and benchmarking, ISA simulation and verification) Ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice Knowledge of related topics in computer science discipline 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

A Little History Computers once came with a resident engineer. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

IBM System/360 General registers were highly visible. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

IBM System/360 System Control Console and Reference Library. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

IBM 1410 The only thing this machine did was write cards to tape and tape to printer/punch. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Teletype Model 37 The ASCII character set and encoding was defined by this machine. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

IBM 2250 Video Terminal The original Glass Teletype. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

IBM 2703 Terminal Control Unit Contains the equivalent of 32 UARTs; very little buffering. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Data Concentrator Left two racks: the PDP8, channel interfaces and paper tape I/O. Next rack on the right: the equivalent of 24 UARTs Last rack on the right: the equivalent of 16 USRTs. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Digital Equipment PDP-8 These guys find and swap out defective modules. A typical 5x8-inch module had 3 NAND gates or two flipflops. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

System/360 Multiplexor Channel Interface This was the first channel interface not built by IBM. To the left is the PDP8; upper right two channel interfaces, lower right high-speed paper reader. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Where is the Market? Millions of Computers 9/22/2018 For “definitions” of desktop, servers, supercomputers (100’s to 1000’s of processors, Gbytes to Tbytes of main memory, Tbytes to Pbytes of secondary storage), and embedded systems (cell phones, automobile control, video games, entertainment systems (digital TVs), PDAs, etc.). The computer (IT) industry is responsible for almost 10% of the GNP of the US. The embedded market has shown the strongest growth (40% compounded annual growth compared to only 9% for desktops – where do laptops fit?). This chart/number does not include the low-end 8-bit and 16-bit embedded processors that are everywhere! This is a good slide to talk about the other performance metrics in addition to speed (or see if the students can come up with them) including Power, space/volume, memory space, cost, reliability 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

ISA Type Sales Millions of Processor Only includes 32- and 64-bit processors Others includes Samsung, HP, AMD, TI, Transmeta (same ISA as IA-32), … PowerPoint “comic” bar chart with approximate values (see text for correct values) 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 24 months (i.e., grow exponentially with time). Amazingly visionary – million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s. 2300 transistors, 1 MHz clock (Intel 4004) - 1971 16 Million transistors (Ultra Sparc III) 42 Million transistors, 2 GHz clock (Intel Xeon) – 2001 55 Million transistors, 3 GHz, 130nm technology, 250mm2 die (Intel Pentium 4) - 2004 140 Million transistor (HP PA-8500) Tbyte = 2^40 bytes (or 10^12 bytes) Note that Moore’s law is not about speed predictions but about chip complexity 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

Processor Performance Increase Intel Pentium 4/3000 DEC Alpha 21264A/667 DEC Alpha 21264/600 Intel Xeon/2000 DEC Alpha 5/500 DEC Alpha 4/266 DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC AXP/500 IBM POWER 100 HP 9000/750 IBM RS6000 MIPS M2000 Another powerpoint “comic” – note that the y axis is log ! x/y where x is the model number and y is the speed in MHz Rate of performance improvement has been between 1.5 and 1.6 times per year – how much longer will Moore’s Law hold? SUN-4/260 MIPS M/120 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt

DRAM Capacity Growth 512M 256M 128M 64M 16M 4M 1M 256K 64K 16K Memories have quadrupled capacity every 3 years (up until 1996) – a 60% increse per year for 20 years. Now is doubling in capacity every two years. 9/22/2018 cpeg323\Topic0.ppt