Do now activity #2 Name all the DNA base pairs. How many parts does a nucleotide have? Name all of them. Explain why DNA has 4 possible nucleotides. Draw each one out. How many hydrogen bonds do Adenine & Thymine share? How many hydrogen bonds do Cytosine & Guanine share?
Chapter 2-2: protein synthesis Essential Question How does the genetic code of DNA result in the production of proteins? Learning Targets Explain how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins. Develop a model demonstrating the creation of a protein from DNA that includes the macromolecules and organelles involved Chapter 2-2: protein synthesis
**There will be NO MAKE-UPS for this lab** announcements Biology Tutoring this week Lunch B (Tuesday & Thursday) 7:00AM (Monday – Friday) No after school Biology Tutoring this week. Lab is scheduled for 09/07/16* **There will be NO MAKE-UPS for this lab**
announcements Available Extra Credit: Tissue Box = 2 Points Hydrogen Peroxide = 5 Points
Don’t forget to chunk your notes!
DNA is like a set of instructions. review cyclins DNA is like a set of instructions.
Some people think of DNA as map of directions. review cyclins Some people think of DNA as map of directions.
And others think DNA is like a recipe. review cyclins And others think DNA is like a recipe.
Function of DNA: Stores genetic ____ . review cyclins Function of DNA: Stores genetic ____ .
overview Function of RNA: to move genetic information from the ___ to the ___ for protein synthesis. Nucleus/cytoplasm
Structure of RNA: made of ___ . overview nucleotides Structure of RNA: made of ___ .
overview 3 Types of RNA 1. mRNA 2. rRNA 3. tRNA cyclins
“messenger” mRNA – transcribes DNA’s message overview cyclins “messenger” mRNA – transcribes DNA’s message
“ribosomal” rRNA – translates the mRNA overview cyclins “ribosomal” rRNA – translates the mRNA
“transfer” tRNA – carries amino acids overview cyclins “transfer” tRNA – carries amino acids
The picture is most similar to what type of RNA? Question #1 The picture is most similar to what type of RNA? cyclins
The picture is most similar to what type of RNA? Question #2 The picture is most similar to what type of RNA? cyclins
The picture is most similar to what type of RNA? Question #3 The picture is most similar to what type of RNA? cyclins
The sugar is ______ in RNA. How is it different? ribose The sugar is ______ in RNA.
How is it different? single RNA is ______ stranded.
RNA uses __ instead of Thymine. How is it different? Uracil RNA uses __ instead of Thymine.
Tell me about the picture. Defend your answer. Question #4 Tell me about the picture. Defend your answer. DNA because: double stranded, base T
Tell me about the picture. Defend your answer. Question #5 Tell me about the picture. Defend your answer. RNA because: single stranded, base U
How is it different? DNA G C T A RNA C G A U
Protein: made up of _____ ______ Protein synthesis Amino Acids Synthesis: “to make” Protein: made up of _____ ______
mRNA is transcribed from DNA Protein synthesis Step #1 mRNA is transcribed from DNA
Protein synthesis Step #2 mRNA leaves nucleus
mRNA travels to a ribosome Protein synthesis Step #3 mRNA travels to a ribosome
The rRNA translates the mRNA Protein synthesis Step #4 The rRNA translates the mRNA
tRNA brings the correct A__ A__ Protein synthesis Amino Acid Step #5 tRNA brings the correct A__ A__
the amino acids link together to form a protein Protein synthesis Step #6 the amino acids link together to form a protein
transcription C A T G DNA Strand “information”
transcription C A T G DNA Strand “information” code for an amino acid
transcription DNA Strand “information” C A T G code for another amino acid
transcription RNA nucleotides added DNA Strand “information” G C U A C
transcription C C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription DNA Strand “information” covalent bond formed catalyzed by RNA polymerase C C C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription C C U C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription C C U G C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription C C U G A C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription C C U G A A C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription C C U G A A G C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription C C U G A A G A C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription C U A G C G A T DNA Strand “information”
transcription DNA Strand “information” New Strand is part of messenger RNA C C U G A A G A G C G A T DNA Strand “information”
“CODON” : Every 3 bases is a code for an amino acid. transcription mRNA C U A G Codon Codon Codon “CODON” : Every 3 bases is a code for an amino acid.
How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring? translation How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring?
How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring? translation How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring? It uses the genetic code table.
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base 1st Base 3rd Base phenylalanine leucine isoleucine methionine valine serine proline threonine alanine tyrosine STOP histidine glutamine asparagine lysine aspartate glutamate cysteine tryptophan U C A G arginine glycine 2nd Base The Genetic Code 1st Base 3rd Base
mRNA C U A G codon site on ribosome
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U leucine proline histidine arginine C C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine A 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine
mRNA C U A G codon A G proline anticodon tRNA amino acid
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U valine alanine aspartate glycine C G valine alanine glutamate glycine A valine alanine glutamate glycine G
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U glutamate
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U glutamate peptide bond forms
mRNA C U A G A G C U U tRNA released proline glutamate
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U valine alanine aspartate glycine C G valine alanine glutamate glycine A valine alanine glutamate glycine G
C U A G C U U C U C proline glutamate glutamate
C U A G U C C U C proline glutamate glutamate Protein
Terminating Protein Synthesis translation Terminating Protein Synthesis 3 STOP codons Protein released
The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base 1st Base 3rd Base phenylalanine leucine isoleucine methionine valine serine proline threonine alanine tyrosine STOP histidine glutamine asparagine lysine aspartate glutamate cysteine tryptophan U C A G arginine glycine 2nd Base The Genetic Code 1st Base 3rd Base
Why do we need protein?
One example is…
…we need them to assist with reactions.
REACTANT + REACTANT PRODUCT(S) REACTANT + REACTANT PRODUCT(S) Reactions A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Chemical reactions always involve changes to the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. REACTANT + REACTANT PRODUCT(S) REACTANT + REACTANT PRODUCT(S)
Reactions Exothermic Reaction Exothermic reaction Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously (automatically)
Reactions Endothermic Reaction Endothermic reaction Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy
What are spontaneous reactions? spontaneous reactions occur naturally
If a reaction requires energy to start, what does it need? Reactions If a reaction requires energy to start, what does it need? Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy
Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy
How come the reaction will not occur faster? Reactions How come the reaction will not occur faster? Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes
Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy
Reactions Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes
Reactions The hydrogen peroxide turned into water and oxygen. What was different about THIS reaction? Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes
Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy
Enzymes A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes It lowers the activation energy.
Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy
Enzymes An enzyme IS a protein.
Enzymes An enzyme IS a catalyst.
Enzymes AMYLASE GALACTASE SUCRASE LIPASE
Reactions Enzymes bind to ONE substrate The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature
Reactions Enzymes are reusable The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature
Reactions Enzymes are affected by: pH Temperature Concentration The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature
Practice problems
Intervention Question #1A What would be the sequence for the complementary DNA strand? cyclins
Intervention Question #1B What would be the sequence for the mRNA strand? cyclins
Intervention Question #1c What would be the sequence for the tRNA strand? cyclins
Intervention Question #1ABC What would be the sequence for the complementary DNA mRNA tRNA strand? cyclins
Difference between dna & rna bases G C T A RNA C G A U
Intervention Question #2A What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G cyclins
Intervention Question #2B What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C cyclins
Intervention Question #2c What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C mRNA: U A G cyclins
Intervention Question #2ABC What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C mRNA: U A G tRNA: A U C cyclins
Difference between dna & rna bases G C T A RNA C G A U
Intervention Question #3A What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C cyclins
Intervention Question #3B What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G cyclins
Intervention Question #3c What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G mRNA: A A C cyclins
Intervention Question #3ABC What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G mRNA: A A C tRNA: U U G cyclins
Difference between dna & rna bases G C T A RNA C G A U
Intervention Question #4A What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A cyclins
Intervention Question #4B What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T cyclins
Intervention Question #4c What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T mRNA: U U A cyclins
Intervention Question #4ABC What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T mRNA: U U A tRNA: A A U cyclins
Difference between dna & rna bases G C T A RNA C G A U