Sponge Fri. April 28 Think about all of the living things on Earth.  If you were going to place them into groups, what main groups might you have?

Sponge Mon. May 1 1. Name the Swedish scientist who came up with the way we classify organisms today. 2. What does “binomial nomenclature mean? 3. What is wrong with this? felis Pardalis 4. What is your (human) genus name and species name?

Classification of Organisms

All living things are organized into groups. The science of grouping and naming organisms is called Taxonomy.

Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, was the first taxonomist. He divided animals into three groups: those that fly those that swim those that walk, crawl, or run

Carolus Linnaeus (a Swedish doctor) created the system we use today using observations of organisms to classify them.

binomial nomenclature He also devised a naming system called binomial nomenclature In this, organisms are given a two-part name.

A genus is a group of very closely related organisms. The first part of an organism’s scientific name it its genus. A genus is a group of very closely related organisms.

Pumas, ocelots, and house cats are all in the genus Felis.

The second part of an organism’s name is its species name. A species is a group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring in nature.

Felis concolor Puma Felis pardalis Ocelot Felis domesticus House cat

The species is never capitalized! The scientific name is always in Latin, and is always italicized or underlined. Homo sapiens Bubo virginianus Equus greyvi Clostridium tetani The species is never capitalized!

Scientific names serve four basic functions: 1) It helps scientists avoid errors in communication 2) Information about organisms can be organized and found easily.

3) The scientific name often describes something about the species (e 3) The scientific name often describes something about the species (e.g. Turdus migratorius) 4) Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are classified together (sharing the same genus name means they are more related than if they didn’t)

There are seven groups that living things are organized into.

Kingdom Largest  Smallest Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

These groups can be remembered by a phrase: King Philip Chases Old Fat Girl Scouts

Kingdom: Animalia An example of how the system works: Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo species: sapiens

Ways scientists classify organisms: 1) Characteristics that are easily observable (e.g. plant vs. animal) 2) DNA/chemical make-up 3) Similarities in genes and body structure 4) Study fossils and embryo of organism as it develops

evolutionary history of an organism Phylogeny:   evolutionary history of an organism Phylogeny tells scientists who the ancestors of an organism were and helps classify it.

The Six Kingdoms of Life Animals Plants Fungus Protists Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Examples: fish, humans, worms The Animal Kingdom Cells: eukaryotic (Eukaryotic means DNA is contained within a nucleus) Examples: fish, humans, worms Many celled Move?: Yes Eat: Plants or animals

Examples: cactus, roses, pine trees The Plant Kingdom Cells: eukaryotic Move?: No Many celled Examples: cactus, roses, pine trees Eat: Make own food

The Fungus Kingdom Cells: eukaryotic Move?: No Single & many celled Example: mushrooms Most eat dead/decaying organisms

Some make own food, others eat other organisms The Protist Kingdom Cells: eukaryotic Move?: Some do, some don’t Single & many celled Examples: Euglenas, amoebas Some make own food, others eat other organisms

The Eubacteria Kingdom Cells: prokaryotic (Prokaryotic means DNA is not contained within a nucleus) Examples: E. coli, Anthrax Move?: Some do, some don’t Single celled Some make own food, others eat other organisms

The Archaebacteria Kingdom Cells: prokaryotic Single celled Move?: Some do, some don’t Examples: bacteria that live in extreme conditions Some make own food, others eat other organisms