Classification Chapter 18

Classification – the grouping of objects or information based on similarities Taxonomy – the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics

Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, developed the first accepted system Carlous Linnaeus made improvements on Aristotle’s system Based on physical and structural similarities of organisms

Binomial nomenclature – a two-word naming system Bi – two nomial – number nomenclature – name The first word indicates the genus (uppercased) The second word indicates the species (lowercased)

When typed, the two names are italicized Example – Canis familiaris (dog) When handwritten, the two names are underlined Example – Gorilla gorilla (Western gorilla)

Scientific and Common Names Latin is the language of scientific names Advantages of using Latin Not a national language The language does not change Scientific names are unique

Scientific and Common Names Common names are used as nicknames An organism may have a different common name in different countries Scientific name – Passer domesticus Common names U.S. and England – house sparrow Holland –huismus

Taxonomic Rankings Taxon – a taxonomic group Mnemonic device Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Mnemonic device Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Spaghetti

Taxonomic Rankings Phylum is known as division in Kingdom Plantae

Taxonomic Rankings Domain – the most inclusive taxon Species – the least inclusive taxon

Taxonomic Rankings Classification Brown Bear House Cat Dog Killer Whale Wolf Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Cetacea Family Ursidae Felidae Canidae Delphinidae Genus Ursus Felis Canis Orcinus Species Ursus arctos Felis catus Canis familiaris Orcinus orca Canis lupus

Dichotomous Key Dichotomous key – a series of questions answered by “yes” or “no”, and each question is a choice between two characteristics A tool used in plant or animal identification

Dichotomous Key a. Coin is silver in color ………………………… go to step 2 b. Coin is not silver in color ………………………… go to step 4 a. Coin has ridges around the edge …………………… go to step 3 b. Coin doesn’t have ridges around edge……………… Nickel a. Coin has a picture of George Washington…………. Quarter b. Coin doesn’t have a picture of G. Washington …….. Dime a. Coin has a man with a beard on it………………….. Penny b. Coin doesn’t have a man with a beard on it………… Dollar

Candy Dichotomous Key a. packaged go to step 2 b. un-packaged go to step 3 a. boxed ? b. wrapper go to step 4 a. soft ? b. hard go to step 5 a. plastic wrapper go to step 10 b. wax paper wrapper go to step 6 a. round shaped go to step 7 b. not round shaped ? a. on a stick ? b. not on a stick ? a. sphere-shaped go to step 8 b. oval-shaped go to step 9 a. multi-colored ? b. pale yellow colored ? 9. a. circular shaped (should be marked with an “s”) ? b. A little less circular shaped (should be marked with an “m”) ? 10. a. red-colored candy ? b. yellow-colored candy ?

Candy Dichotomous Key a. packaged go to step 2 b. un-packaged go to step 3 a. boxed Sugar Babies b. wrapper go to step 4 a. soft Gummy Bears b. hard go to step 5 a. plastic wrapper go to step 10 b. wax paper wrapper go to step 6 a. round shaped go to step 7 b. not round shaped Mike and Ikes a. on a stick Dum Dum Lollipops b. not on a stick Tootsie Rolls a. sphere-shaped go to step 8 b. oval-shaped go to step 9 a. multi-colored Gobstoppers b. pale yellow colored Unpackaged Lemon Heads 9. a. circular shaped (should be marked with an “s”) Skittles b. A little less circular shaped (should be marked with an “m”) M&M’s 10. a. red-colored candy Atomic Fireball b. yellow-colored candy Packaged Lemon Heads

Cladogram A branching treelike diagram used to illustrate evolutionary relationships among organisms

Cladogram Common ancestor

Domains Three domain levels Eukarya Archaea Bacteria

Linnaeus established two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae Since then, it has expanded from two to five Monera – Prokaryotes (cells without nuclei) Protista – Eukaryotes (cells with nuclei) Fungi Plantae Animalia

Today, there are six kingdoms (Monera is divided into two kingdoms) Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Kingdoms Six kingdoms Eubacteria - Bacteria Archaebacteria – “Old” bacteria Protista – The “leftover” kingdom Fungi – Mushrooms and molds Plantae - Plants Animalia - Animals

Terms to know: Prokaryote – a cell without a nucleus; a simple cell that is small Eukaryote – a cell with a nucleus; more complex cell that is larger than a prokaryotic cell

Terms to know: Cell wall – used for protection and support

Terms to know: Unicellular – an one celled organism Multicellular – an organism with more than one cell

Terms to know: Autotroph – organism that can make its own nutrients Heterotroph – an organism that obtains its nutrients from other organisms (can’t make its own food)

Domain Bacteria This domain is the same as Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria is the most abundant organisms on Earth Prokaryotes Salmonella

Domain Archaea This domain is the same as Kingdom Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Can be found in extreme environments Extremophiles - Salt lakes, hot springs, and ocean floors Methanogens – Live in oxygen-free environments

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Cell Wall Unicellular or Multicellular Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes Nutrients Protista Some species have them Can be uni- or multi- Eukaryotes Can be autotroph or heterotroph Fungi Yes Eu- Hetero- Plantae Multi- Auto- Animalia No