A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming Mark G. Sobell A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0 Figure 4-1 A family tree A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-2 A secretary’s directories A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-3 Directories and ordinary files A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-4 The file structure developed in the examples A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-5 The mkdir utility A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-6 Relative pathnames A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0 Figure 4-7 Logging in and displaying the pathname of your home directory A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-8 cd changes your working directory A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-9 Absolute pathnames A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-10 A typical FHS-based Linux system file structure A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-11 Using mv to move names and temp A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-12 The columns displayed by the ls –l command A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 4-13 Using links to cross-classify files A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0 Figure 4-14 Two links to the same file: /home/alex/letter and /home/jenny/draft A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0 Figure 5-1 Using options A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-2 Processing the command line A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0 Figure 5-3 The command does not know where standard input comes from or where standard output and standard error go A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0 Figure 5-4 By default, standard input comes from the keyboard and standard output goes to the screen A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-5 The cat utility copies standard input to standard output A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-6 Redirecting standard output A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-7 cat with its output redirected A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-8 Using cat to catenate files A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-9 Redirecting standard input A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-10 cat with its input redirected A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-11 Redirecting and appending output A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0 Figure 5-12 A pipe A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-13 Using a temporary file to store intermediate results A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Figure 5-14 A pipe doing the work of a temporary file A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0

Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0 Figure 5-15 Using tee A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming © 2005 Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-147823-0