17.4-The Reformation Continues

John Calvin’s Ideas Calvin published more information on Protestant ideas in the 1530s Believed humans were sinful by nature Believed in predestination-God knows at beginning of time who will be saved Religion formed known as Calvinism

Calvin in Geneva Calvin believed best government was a theocracy (government ruled by religious leaders) Ran Geneva, Switzerland as a theocracy Citizens had to attend religious class, no bright clothing, card games, etc. Strict punishments for not obeying Geneva as a model for ideal city

Spread of Calvinism John Knox spread Calvin’s ideas to Scotland Followers became known as Presbyterians-official religion of Scotland Spread elsewhere including France (known as Huguenots) Violence between Catholics and Huguenots-St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre-Catholics hunting Protestants ~12,000 Protestants killed

Anabaptists All Protestant groups believed in Bible as sole source of religious truths Anabaptists-only people old enough to decide to be Christian should be baptized Separation of Church and state Heavily persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants- predecessors of Amish and Mennonites

Ignatius of Loyola and Catholic Response Catholic Church needed to reform-Counter/Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola-wrote Spiritual Exercises-day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, etc. New religious order-Jesuits Founded schools throughout Europe, trained in both religion and classical students and did missionary work

Council of Trent Paul III investigated indulgences and called Council of Trent Church interpretation of Bible was final (anyone else heretic) Both faith and good works for salvation Bible and Church tradition equally important Indulgences true expressions of faith but no false selling Index of Forbidden Books by Paul IV-books burned

Effects of the Reformation New Christian denominations developed Catholic Church became more unified and less corrupt New focus on education-more schools, books, etc. Individual monarchs and states gained power (emergence of nation-states) New focus of questioning beliefs, authority, etc.