Chapter 1: The First River Valley Civilizations

Two Early City-States Catal Huyuk Jericho

Catal Huyuk is the oldest and the largest Neolithic city found, so far Catal Huyuk is the oldest and the largest Neolithic city found, so far. It dates to 8,000 years BCE and was occupied continuously for 376 generations. No specific reasons for its abandonment have been found.

A section of an earlier dig

An artist’s reconstruction of Catal Huruk

Archaeologists at work

A skeleton found in a house.

A pottery bowl with tripod stand A mural of two animals A fertility goddess A pottery bowl with tripod stand

Jericho ~8000 BCE

Mesopotamia - The Land Between Two Rivers Mesopotamia was a place where many cities began to grow. As its name suggests, Mesopotamia was located between two rivers. The two rivers were the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. When a newborn baby begins life, he or she is placed in a cradle. Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization because the first civilizations began there, about 5,500 years ago in 3500 B.C. Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East, and surrounded by desert. People came to Mesopotamia because the soil between the two rivers was very fertile.

USA Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East.

Mesopotamia was located in what is now the country of Iraq.

City-States Formed Along the Rivers Many city-states formed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. They each had their own form of government, and the people worshipped different gods and goddesses. Eventually, they each had their own kings. The region where the two rivers meet was called Sumer. The people who lived in the Sumer region were called Sumerians.

Why Did These Cities Develop? Due to the fertile soil in Mesopotamia, farming was very successful. In fact, people were able to create surpluses of food. This meant that some people could stop farming and begin doing other things, like building a city. As cities began to develop, people began to worry about others who might come and invade their city. They wanted to protect themselves from enemies, so people in Mesopotamia built walls around their cities.

Sumerians Writing first began in Sumerian cities. The first schools were set up in Sumer over 4,000 years ago. Sumerian schools taught boys the new invention of writing. Those who graduated became professional writers called scribes. Scribes were the only people who could keep records for the kings and priests. Boys that wanted to be scribes had to attend school from the age of 8 to the age of 20. Remember, Sumer is the region where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers meet.

Sumerian Society Sumer was different from all other earlier civilizations Advanced cities Specialized workers Complex institutions Record keeping Advanced technology Developed city-states Food surplus increased population expanded trade expansion of Sumerian society

Sumerian Society (cont.) Polytheistic Wrote myths (Epic of Gilgamesh) Had social classes Priests and kings were at the top Slaves were at the bottom Women probably couldn’t attend school but had many other rights Advances in mathematics Number system based on 60 (60 seconds = 1 minute)

Sumerian Inventions Wagon wheel Potter’s wheel Number system using base 60 – time and circles 12 month calendar Metal plow Sail Some of the 1st known maps New architecture: Bricks Arch and ramp

Sumerian Writing Scribes used a sharp point called a stylus to etch words into clay tablets. These tablets have been discovered by archaeologists and looked at by historians.

A Sumerian City Sumerian city streets were so narrow that you could hardly get a cart through them. Narrow Streets Sumerian houses faced away from crowded streets. Instead, they faced onto courtyards where families ate and children played. Courtyard Area

Sumerian Cities On hot nights, people slept outdoors on the top of their house’s flat roof. Sumerians had a form of light at night. They burned oil lamps. Sumerians even had plumbing! Clay pipes that were buried underground carried their waste away. Inventions like plumbing wouldn’t come around for another thousand years in other parts of the world!

Sumerian Religion Sumerians worshipped many gods, not just one. This belief in many gods is called polytheism. “Poly” means many and “Theism” means gods. The picture above shows a ziggurat. Ziggurats were the main temples used to worship the gods of a city. Ziggurats were built in the center of the city. They had steps and ramps, and it was believed that the gods descended to the Earth using the ziggurat as a ladder.

Sumerian Mythology Sumerian myths, or stories, explained people’s beliefs. Sumerians believed that a person must keep the gods happy by going to the ziggurat and praying to them. They believed that the gods would reward them for good service. They also believed that the gods would punish the people who made them angry. ziggurat Gods

The Epic of Gilgamesh Search for immortality by semi-historical King Gilgamesh of Uruk (~2700 BCE) after death of his friend Enkidu. Realizes that only gods enjoy immortality; humans must content themselves with fame derived from performing mighty deeds Story of a devastating flood in later version

The Epic of Gilgamesh PowerPoint

The Downfall of the Sumerians Each of the Sumerian city-states had a ruler, and these city-states began fighting each other. They fought over land and the use of river water. Since the Sumerians were constantly at war with each other, they became weak. By 2000 BC, Sumer was a weakened area, and by 1759 BC, Sumer was conquered by another group of people - the Babylonians, who were from the north.

Who Controls Mesopotamia?

From Sumerians to Babylonians The Sumerian city-states eventually fell to foreign invaders (2000s BC) The Akkadians: Semites- nomadic people from the Arabian Peninsula that migrated to Mesopotamia Sargon I (2300-2200 BC) unites all Mesopotamian cities (creates first empire)

The Ancient Babylonians Amorites (2000-1600 BC) Conquered many parts of old Sumeria (including Babylon) Hammurabi - created a law code with harsh punishments Borrowed heavily from Sumerian culture After Hammurabi’s death Babylon declined

Hammurabi’s Code (~1700 BCE) Hammurabi was the king who united most of Mesopotamia and conquered the Sumerians. He developed a “code” of laws. The laws were numbered from 1 to 282. Law number 196 states: If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. Some people summarize Hammurabi’s code by saying “an eye for an eye.” Law number 195 states: If a son strike his father, his hands shall be hewn off. There are many, many more laws like this in Hammurabi’s Code. A statue of Hammurabi

On the left is a stela, which has all 282 of Hammurabi’s laws engraved on it. This stela is located in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. Stelas containing Hammurabi’s Law Code were erected throughout the Mesopotamia River Valley. The Hammurabi stela was discovered in 1909, in Susa, Elam, which is now Khuzestan. Khuzestan is a province of southern Iran. Susa

The Law Code of Hammurabi PowerPoint

Hittites Began to conquer Asia Minor (2000 BCE) A strong army with chariots Conquered Babylon in 1595 BCE) Borrowed from Mesopotamian and Egyptian culture Had a law code less harsh than Hammurabi’s Lasted until about 1200 BCE

Assyrians Started to gain strength about 900 BCE Powerful army Treated conquered people cruelly Large empire with good roads Collapsed about 612 BCE

Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) Defeated the Assyrians in about 612 BCE Descended from Hammarabi’s Babylonians At its height during the rule of Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 BCE) Spent a lot of money on Babylon Built Hanging Gardens Empire collapsed in 539 BCE after being defeated by the Persians

Persians Were Indo-Europeans Cyrus (conquered from the Nile to the Indus) Darius I Administered the empire using satraps (governors) Tolerant to those who were conquered Increased trade and built roads Lost to the Greeks in 480 BCE