ZAMENICE (PRONOUNS)

Definicija i podela Zamenice su reči koje se upotrebljavaju umesto imenica. Dele se na: lične (personal), povratne (reflexive), prisvojne (possesive), upitne (interrogative), odnosne (relative), pokazne (demonstrative) i neodređene (indefinite) Pokazne, upitne, odnosne i neke neodređene zamenice imaju isti oblik kao pridevi. Pridevi – uz imenicu Zamenice - samostalno

Lične zamenice (Personal Pronouns) I – ja You – ti/vi He – on She – ona It – ono (za predmete, pojmove, životinje) We – mi They – oni, one, ona

Padež kod ličnih zamenica Kod ličnih, upitnih i odnosnih zamenica postoje posebni oblici za padeže: Nominativ Objekatski padež (kada je zamenica objekat) I – me (ja – mene) You – you (ti - tebe) He – him (on – njega) She – her (ona – nju) We – us (mi – nas) They – them (oni – njih) She saw him in the street. He didn’t look well. They are coming. We have never asked them to come before.

Prisvojne zamenice (Possessive Pronouns) Označavaju pripadanje i zamenjuju imenicu. I have a book. The book is mine. 1. I – mine (ja – moje) 1. we - ours 2. you – yours 2. you - yours 3. he – his 3. they - theirs she – hers it - its

Prisvojni pridevi (Possessive Adjectives) Prisvojne zamenice treba razlikovati od PRISVOJNIH PRIDEVA, koji takođe označavaju pripadnost, ali idu uz imenicu, tj. ne mogu da stoje sami. I have a book. This is my book. 1. I – my book 1. we – our book 2. you – your book 2. you – your book 3. he – his book 3. they – their book she – her book it – its book

Povratne zamenice (Reflexive Pronouns) Upotrebljavaju se kada je subjekat rečenice isti kao objekat. I don’t want you to pay for me. I will pay for myself. He is really odd. He always talks to himself. 1.myself 1. ourselves 2. yourself 2. yourselves 3.himself/herself/itself 3.themselves

Veliki broj glagola koji u srpskom zahtevaju povratnu zamenicu, u engleskom nisu povratni, kao: Dress, wash, oversleep, overeat, feel He washed and dressed early in the morning. Često se povratna zamenica upotrebljava posle predloga: Look at yourself in the mirror. Won’t you say something about yourself?

Upotrebljava se i za isticanje: I myself saw the accident. See for yourself. Ponekad mogu da se upotrebe umesto ličnih zamenica radi isticanja: There was no one so interesting there as yourself.

Ponekad glagol promeni značenje kad se upotrebi sa povratnom zamenicom: Will you help us with the work? Help yourself to some cakes. He behaved in a strange manner. Behave yourself! Was his guilt proved? He proved himself a great leader.

Pokazne zamenice (Demonstrative Pronouns) Za pokazivanje: this book, those cars Jednina Množina This book (ova knjiga) These books (ove knjige) That chair (ona stolica) Those chairs (one stolice) Do you see that car over there? I can’t bring all these books with me.

Upitne zamenice (Interrogative Pronouns) Za lica: who, whose, whom, which Za stvari: what, which Upitni pridevi: Za lica: what, which, whose

Upotrebljavaju se u upitnim rečenicama. Who (whom, whose) – za lica Who are these people? Whose is this book? Whom did you meet on the stairs?* With whom did they come?* * oblik ‘whom’ je formalan i u govornom jeziku ga zamenjuje ‘who’. Who did you meet on the stairs? Who did they come with?

Which – izbor između ljudi ili stvari: Which of these boys is your nephew? Which do you like better, the book or the film? What – ljudi i stvari: What can you tell me about your country? What do you know about him? What is her name? What is her job?

Odnosne zamenice (Relative Pronouns) Who – za ljude Which – za predmete, mesta, pojmove, životinje Where – za mesta That – može da zameni ‘who’ i ‘which’.

RELATIVE CLAUSES 1 The woman who lives next door is a doctor. Ovu složenu rečenicu možemo podeliti na dve proste rečenice: The woman lives next door. The woman is a doctor. Obe rečenice imaju isti subjekat, pa se mogu povezati u jednu složenu, koja sadrži jednu nezavisnu i jednu zavisnu rečenicu (clause). Zavisne rečenice koje nam daju informaciju o subjektu ili objektu glavne rečenice nazivaju se odnosne.

The woman – she lives next door – is a doctor. Umesto lične zamenice she upotrebljava se odnosna zamenica who. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. We know a lot of people – they live in the country. We know a lot of people who live in the country. Odnosnu zamenicu who koristimo samo za ljude, osobe. Umesto who može se koristiti i that. What was the name of the person that phoned you?

Za nežive stvari, objekte, pojmove, često i životinje, koristi se odnosna zamenica which ili that: Where is the cheese? – it was in the fridge Where is the cheese which/that was in the fridge? I don’t like films that have unhappy endings. What was the name of the horse that won the race? The machine which broke down is working again now. U govornom jeziku, češće se čuje that nego which.

The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (The woman lives next door.) Where is the cheese which was in the fridge? (The cheese was in the fridge.) Ukoliko se who/which/that odnosi na subjekat, ne mogu se izostaviti iz rečenice. Međutim, ponekad se odnose na objekat: Have you found the keys which you lost? (You lost the keys). Kada je who/which/that objekat odnosne rečenice, može se izostaviti: Have you found the keys you lost? The woman (who) I wanted to see was on holiday.

Mesto predloga u odnosnim rečenicama: uvek se nalaze na kraju odnosne rečenice. Npr. talk to someone Tom is talking to a woman – do you know her? Do you know the woman (who) Tom is talking to? I work with some people – I like them. I like the people (that) I work with. You were looking for some books – did you find them? Did you find the books (which) you were looking for?

Postoji još nekoliko odnosnih zamenica: WHOSE Koristi se u odnosnim rečenicama umesto his/her/their, tj. prisvojnih prideva – dakle, označava pripadnost. We saw some people – their car broke down. We saw some people whose car broke down. Whose se uglavnom koristi za ljude: What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (you borrowed his car). I met a man who knows you. (he knows you) I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)

WHOM Ova zamenica se ponekad koristi umesto who kada se odnosi na objekat odnosne rečenice. The woman whom I wanted to see was away. (I wanted to see her) Takođe može da se koristi sa predlogom: The people with whom I work are very nice. (I work with them) Ova zamenica se u govornom jeziku retko upotrebljava. Umesto nje se koristi who/that, a najčešće nijedna: The woman I wanted to see was away.

WHERE Koristi se da bi se označilo mesto: The restaurant – we had dinner there – it was near the airport. The restaurant where we had dinner was near the airport. I recently went back to the town where I grew up.

RELATIVE CLAUSES 2: Defining and Non-defining The woman who lives next door is a doctor. Barbara works for a company that makes furniture. We stayed at the hotel (that) you recommended. Odnosna reč.daje neophodne informacije o kojoj se ženi, firmi, hotelu, itd. govori. My brother Rob, who lives in Australia, is a doctor. Colin told me about his new job, which he’s enjoying very much. We stayed at the Park Hotel, which my friend recommended. Ove rečenice ne daju neophodne, već dodatne informacije. One se odvajaju zarezima.

Umesto who i which možemo koristiti that: DEFINING NON-DEFINING Umesto who i which možemo koristiti that: Do you know anyone who/that speaks Italian? Barbara works for a company which/that makes furniture. Umesto who i which ne može se koristiti that: John, who speaks Italian, is a tourist guide. *John, that speaks Italian, is a tourist guide.

Ukoliko se radi o objektu, who/which/that se može izostaviti: DEFINING NON-DEFINING Ukoliko se radi o objektu, who/which/that se može izostaviti: We stayed at the hotel (which/that) you recommended. U ovakvim odnosnim rečenicama, who/which se ne mogu izostaviti: We stayed at the Park Hotel, which my friend recommended. *We stayed at the Park Hotel, my friend recommended.

We met some people whose car broke down. DEFINING NON-DEFINING We met some people whose car broke down. What’s the name of the place where you went on holiday? Liz, whose car broke down, was in a very bad mood. Jill has just been to Sweden, where her daughter lives.

Neodređene zamenice (Indefinite Pronouns) Za lica: Everybody Somebody Anybody Nobody No one Everyone Someone Anyone None Za stvari: Everything Something Anything Nothing

Potvrdne rečenice: everybody, everyone, everything, somebody, someone, something Takođe i anybody, anyone, anything sa značenjem ‘ma ko, ma šta’ Upitne rečenice: anybody, anyone, anything Odrične rečenice: nobody, no one, nothing, none