Chapter 6 – Repetition 6.1 Do Loops 6.2 For...Next Loops 6.3 List Boxes and Loops

Do Loops Pretest Form of a Do Loop Posttest Form of a Do Loop

6.1 Do Loops A loop is one of the most important structures in programming. Used to repeat a sequence of statements a number of times. The Do loop repeats a sequence of statements either as long as or until a certain condition is true.

Pretext Do Loop Condition is tested, If it is true, the loop is run. If it is false, the statements following the Loop statement are executed. Do While condition statement(s) Loop These statements are inside the body of the loop and are run if the condition above is true.

Pseudocode and Flow Chart

Example 1 Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) _ Handles btnDisplay.Click 'Display the numbers from 1 to 7 Dim num As Integer = 1 Do While num <= 7 lstNumbers.Items.Add(num) num += 1 'Add 1 to the value of num Loop End Sub Loop Test Loop Body Question #1: How many times will the test be done? Question #2: How many times will the body of the loop execute?

Example 1 (cont.) Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) _ Handles btnDisplay.Click 'Display the numbers from 1 to 7 Dim num As Integer = 1 Do While num <= 7 lstNumbers.Items.Add(num) num += 1 'Add 1 to the value of num Loop End Sub Note: A ListBox’s Items property contains a collection (list) of data items. You can programmatically place items in the list using the Add method.

Example: Repeat Request as Long as Response in Incorrect Dim passWord As String = "" Do While passWord <> "SHAZAM" passWord = InputBox("What is the password?") passWord = passWord.ToUpper Loop passWord is the loop control variable because the value stored in passWord is what is tested to determine if the loop should continue or stop.

Example: Sentinel-Controlled Loop Dim num As Double = 0 Dim prompt As String = "Enter a nonnegative number. Enter -1 " & "to terminate entering numbers." num = CDbl(InputBox(prompt)) Do While num <> -1 '-1 is sentinel value . Loop First input precedes the loop A sentinel value is a special value that is used to decide that a loop should terminate Each subsequent input is in the last statement of the loop body

Example 3 (cont): The full loop body calculating average The loop body statements do the following: Count user inputs Accumulate the sum of numbers together Input the user’s next input value

Counters and Accumulators A counter is a numeric variable that keeps track of the number of items that have been processed. An accumulator is a numeric variable that totals numbers.

Example 3 (cont): The full loop body calculating average After the loop is completed, the average can be determined by dividing the sum by the count.

Posttest Do Loop Do statement(s) Loop Until condition Loop is executed once and then the condition is tested. If it is false, the loop is run again. If it is true, the statements following the Loop statement are executed.

Example: Repeat Request Until Proper Response Dim passWord As String = "" Do passWord = InputBox("What is the password?") passWord = passWord.ToUpper Loop Until passWord = "SHAZAM" This is a BOTTOM-tested loop. In this case the loop body executes first, and then the test is done. So the number of tests EQUALS the number of body-executions. Unlike a TOP-tested loop, in which the number of tests is always one more than the number of body-executions.

Pseudocode and Flowchart

Example 5: Form txtAmount txtWhen

Example 5: Code Private Sub btnCalculate_Click(...) Handles _ Dim balance As Double, numYears As Integer balance = CDbl(txtAmount.Text) Do While balance < 1000000 balance += 0.06 * balance numYears += 1 Loop txtWhen.Text = "In " & numYears & " years you will have a million dollars." End Sub Question 1: what’s the accumulator variable? Question 2: what’s the counter variable?

Example 5: Output