The transition period from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence The transition period from childhood to adulthood.

Is adolescence getting longer or shorter?

Physical Development It all begins with puberty Puberty: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Physical Development Primary Sex Characteristic- The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible Ovaries Testes External genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics- Non- reproductive sexual characteristics Breasts Wide hips Deepening of male voice Body hair

Puberty Sequence is way more predictable than the timing. How might timing differences effect an adolescent socially?

Social Awareness Adolescents develop the ability to reason (Formal Operational) and it gives them a new level of social awareness and moral judgment.

Cognitive Development Have the ability to reason but……. The reasoning is self-focused. They assume that their experiences are unique. Experience formal operational thought

In Europe, a woman was near death from a very bad disease (a rare form of cancer) There was only one drug that doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that the a druggist was charging 10 times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman’s husband, James, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get about $1000, which was half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.” James got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality Pre-conventional Obey to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Conventional Obeying laws because they are rules and laws Post-conventional Obey or not obey based on your own ethical principles

Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality Pre-conventional I drive the 25 mph speed limit to avoid a speeding ticket Conventional I refrain from wearing jeans on a random Thursday because it is against the rules Post-conventional I make decisions in my classroom based on whether it helps or hinders the educational process

Its all about forming an identity!!! Social Development Its all about forming an identity!!!

Identity Some teenagers take their identity early by sharing their parents values and expectations. Some teenagers will adopt a negative identity- opposition to society, but conforms to a peer group.

Trust vs. Mistrust Age Important Event Description Birth - 18 months Feeding Changing Diapers Comfortable Temperatures Infants form a loving, trusting relationship with parents; they also learn to mistrust others.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Age Important Event Description 18 months - 3 Years Toilet Training Feeding themselves Opening and closing doors Child's energies are directed toward physical skills: walking, grasping, and toilet training. The child learns control along with a healthy dose of shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt Age Important Event Description 3 - 6 Years Dressing themselves Bathing themselves Child becomes more assertive, takes more initiative, becomes more forceful.

Competence vs. Inferiority Age Important Event Description 6 - 12 Years School in general Math Reading Sports The child must deal with demands to learn new skills while risking a sense of inferiority and failure

Identity vs. Role Confusion Age Important Event Description Adolescence Choosing a social group Defining your beliefs Living with conviction Teens must achieve self-identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion.

Intimacy vs. Isolation Age Important Event Description Young Adult Developing friendships Developing working relationships Developing romantic relationships The young adult must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation (being productive and supporting future generations) Age Important Event Description Middle Adult Parenting Career Volunteering Assuming the role of parents signifies the need to continue the generations while avoiding the inevitable feeling of failure.

Integrity vs. Despair Age Important Event Description Late Adult Life Reflection Acceptance of one's lifetime accomplishments and sense of fulfillment.

Adulthood

Physical Changes All physical abilities essentially peak by our mid 20s. So if you are not at your peak physical shape right now– you better hurry up cause it will all go down hill pretty fast!!!

Physical Milestones Menopause: the natural ending of a woman’s ability to reproduce. There are physical symptoms led by a lack of estrogen. What psychological effects can menopause have? Men do not experience anything like menopause. Men can pretty much produce sperm forever.

Life Expectancy Life Expectancy keeps increasing- now about 75. Women outlive men by about 4 years. But more men are conceived 126 to 100. Then 105 to 100 by birth. In other words, men die easier.

Why do women live longer than men?

Sensory Abilities

Health Bad news: is as we get older our immune system weakens, thus we become more susceptible to life threatening ailments (cancer). Good News: because older build up a collection of antibodies throughout the years, they get minor colds less often.

Age and Driving The brain processes information at slower speeds.

Alzheimer’s Disease A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, language and physical functioning. Runs its course in 5 to 20 years. Deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter…. Acetylcholine Estrogen supplements may stop the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Cognitive Changes We tend to remember events from our teens and twenties. Difference between recognition and recall. Recognition remains stable. Recall declines with old age.

Do old people get stupid? Cross-sectional studies show decline. Longitudinal Studies show consistency. What is the difference? Cross-sectional studies: study with people of different ages studied at the same time. Longitudinal Studies: same people studied and retested over a period of time.

But there are different types of intelligence. Crystallized intelligence: one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. Historical facts Fluid Intelligence: one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. Using a new “smartphone”

Social Development of Adults Social Clock--Culturally preferred timing of certain events.

Love and Marriage What kind of marriages work? 5 to 1 ratio of positive to negative interactions.