Chapter 14 Section 5 The War Ends
Key Terms Hedgerows Battle of the Bulge V-E Day Harry S. Truman Iwo Jima Napalm Manhattan Project V-J Day United Nations Charted Nuremberg Trials
The Third Reich Collapses D-Day was a success Many fields had hedgerows Hedgerows-dirt walls covered with shrubs They were built to separate cattle and crops Germans could hide in them
Third Reich Collapses Tanks could not drive through them Battle of the hedgerows ended June 25, 1944 2500 American bombers blew a hole in the German lines August 23 Paris was liberated
Battle of the Bulge Hitler’s last desperate offensive Wanted to cutoff supplies from Antwerp December 16, 1944 American defenders caught by surprise Battle of the Bulge-As Germans raced west they caused a bulge outward in the Allies lines
Battle of the Bulge Germans surrounded the Americans at Bastogne Bad weather grounded American planes General Patton’s troops arrived quickly Weather cleared Allied airpower struck the Germans
Battle of the Bulge On Christmas Eve-out of fuel and suffering heavy loses Germans stopped Patton broke through German Lines United States won the Battle January 8, 1945 Germans had 100,000 causalities and lost many tanks and planes
War Ends in Europe Americans and British Liberate France Soviets attack Germans in Russia Germans driven back to Poland February 25, 1945 Soviets 25 miles from Berlin
War Ends in Europe February 1945 American troops were at the Rhine River April 16 Soviets on the outskirts of Berlin April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide V-E Day- Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945
Japan is Defeated President Roosevelt dies April 12, 1945 Harry S. Truman- was vice president, becomes president Although Germany surrendered, there was still war with Japan Truman had to make many difficult decisions
The Battle of Iwo Jima November 24, 1944 bombs fell on Tokyo B-29s flew for 1,500 miles Needed a closed air base Iwo Jima- island located half way between Marianas and Japan
Battle of Iwo Jima Terrain was rugged with cliffs, ravines and caves Japanese had build vast complex of bunkers February 19. 1945 40,000 Marines land Sank to the ankles in the soft volcanic ash
Battle of Iwo Jima Japanese artillery pounded the invaders Marines used flame throwers and explosives on the bunkers 6,800 Marines were killed Admiral Nimitz wrote “uncommon valor was a common virtue
Firebombing Japan Curtis Lemay orders B-29s to drop napalm Napalm-jellied gasoline designed to not only explode, but also start fires If B-29s missed their target the fires would burn it
Firebombing Japan Firebombing very controversial Killed many civilians Curtis Lemay-thought it would destroy Japanese war production March 9, 1945 Tokyo was firebombed Firestorm started and sucked out all the air Killed 80,000 people, burned 250,00 buildings
Invasion of Okinawa Despite firebombing Japan not surrendering Okinawa invaded to prepare for invasion of Japan Okinawa only 350 miles from Japan 12,000 Americans died June 22, 1945 Okinawa captured
Terms of Surrender Emperor urged government to surrender America demanded unconditional surrender Japanese wanted emperor to stay in power Americans blamed emperor for the war
The Manhattan Project 1939 Leo Sziland learned Germans had split the atom Worried Germans were working on a atomic bomb Albert Einstein warns Roosevelt about the powerful bomb
Manhattan Project Roosevelt gathered scientist to study this British scientists also working on the bomb Manhattan Project- Americas secret plan to build a atomic bomb 1942 built the first nuclear reactor
Manhattan Project Scientist organized secret lab to build atomic bomb Los Alamos, New Mexico Robert Oppenheimer detonates first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945
Hiroshima and Nagasaki William Leahy chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff opposed the bomb Killed indiscriminately He believe in economic blockade and bombing Secretary of War Harry Stimson wanted to warn Japanese
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Stimson would let Japanese keep their emperor Secretary of State James Byrnes wanted to drop it without warning to shock Japan Truman was warned of massive casualties if U.S. invaded Japan
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Allies threatened Japan with “prompt and utter destruction” August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb ‘Little boy” was dropped on Hiroshima and important industrial city
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bomb destroys 63% of the city Kills 80,00 to 120,000 people Three days later bomb dropped on Nagasaki Emperor orders government to surrender V-J Day- August 15, 1945 Japan surrenders
Creating the United Nations Roosevelt believed a international political group could prevent another world war 1944, 39 countries met to discuss the new organization United Nations- UN a new international organization
Creating the United Nations General Assembly-every member had one vote Security council would have 11 members Five countries would be permanent members United States, Soviet Union, China, Britain and France Each member had veto power
Creating the United Nations April 25, 1945 United Nations was organized Charter- constitution on how organization would be run General Assembly given power to make resolutions To choose non permanent members of the Security Council
Creating United Nations Investigate any international problem and propose settlements Take actions to preserve peace Ask members to use military force to uphold a UN resolution
Putting Enemy on Trial Allies declared their intention to punish German and Japanese leaders United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union formed the IMT International Military Tribunal Held trials in Nuremberg Germany
Putting Enemy on Trial Nuremberg trials- 22 Nazi leaders were prosecuted 3 were acquitted Seven given prison sentences 12 sentenced to death Lasted till 1949- 24 sentenced to death, 107 given prison sentences
Putting Enemy on Trial IMT held in Tokyo 25 Japanese leaders were charged Allies did not indict the emperor 7 sentenced to death, 18 to prison War crimes trial was part of trying to build a better world