Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi: /nrneurol

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Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.84 Figure 1 Effects of Alzheimer disease genetic variants on molecular networks and global brain topology Figure 1 | Effects of Alzheimer disease genetic variants on molecular networks and global brain topology. a | The phenotypic effects of Alzheimer disease (AD)-associated genetic variants are exerted through several types of molecular networks (here extracted from GeneMANIA), or even alter their structure. For example, some AD-associated SORL1 mutations (blue dots) are predicted to affect specific interaction interfaces (edgetic effects). The effects of genetic variants on molecular networks, in turn, influence processes at higher physiological scales (cellular morphology, cell–cell interactions and tissue morphology) that ultimately affect global brain structure. b, c | Each type of molecular network is prone to different types of biases: in canonical pathways, most links are centred around APP, PSEN1/2 and APOE, potentially reflecting historical interest in those genes; in coexpression analyses and other high-throughput networks, links between genes carrying AD-associated variants are more evenly distributed. d | The functional and structural connectivity of brain networks seen in patients with AD or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) shows stereotypical changes, in part attributable to the collective effect of AD-associated variants. The circular networks are conceptual representations of small-world brain networks (green zone), which can gain links (pink links in MCI) or lose links (dashed links in AD and MCI), according to disease status. Generally, AD brains are characterized by less efficient and less globally integrated networks, which are seen as a parallel for cognitive dysfunction. Gaiteri, C. et al. (2016) Genetic variants in Alzheimer disease — molecular and brain network approaches Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.84