THE HUMAN BRAIN!!!
“If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (1977)
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Brain: Major Parts ________________________________ Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland Cerebrum: largest part and most superior Surface covered with gray matter: cortex Deep to cortex is cerebral white matter Cerebellum: posterior and inferior _________________________ Cranial meninges: _________________________________________________________ Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Brain: Major Parts Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Brain: Major Parts Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brain Blood Supply and Blood-Brain Barrier _________________________________ 4 min lack permanent damage Requires continuous glucose supply Allows passage of lipid soluble materials: O2, CO2, alcohol, anesthetic agents ____________________________________ Created by tight capillaries and astrocytes Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
________________________ Formed in the 4 ventricles of brain Cushions brain and provides nutrients Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongata Most inferior part of brainstem White matter connects spinal cord and other parts of brain Contains vital nuclei Cardiovascular center ____________________________ Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Brain Stem: Pons Serves as a “bridge” Connects medulla to midbrain and above Contains nuclei Motor relays from cerebrum to cerebellum _____________________ Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Brain Stem: Midbrain Connects pons to diencephalon _____________________ Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Diencephalon Thalamus: major sensory relay center Also motor, autonomic, and consciousness functions Hypothalamus: lies inferior to thalamus ________________________________ Involved with feelings and behavior patterns __________________________________ Control of body temperature Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep, waking Pineal gland: secretes melatonin Controls sleep, biological clock Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Diencephalon Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cerebellum Location: posterior to medulla and pons, inferior to cerebrum Functions Receives wide range of sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, inner ears _______________________________________ Helps produce smooth, coordinated movements ___________________________ Regulates posture and balance Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cerebrum: Structure ____________________ Internal white mater ______________________ Surface folds of cerebral cortex: __________ Grooves between gyri: _________________ Longitudinal fissure: divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres Hemispheres connected by _____________ Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cerebrum Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cerebrum: Structure _________________________ Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Central sulcus separates frontal, parietal Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sensory Areas Primary somatosensory area: postcentral gyrus Input includes: touch, proprioception, pain, itching, tickle, temperature Primary visual area: __________________ Primary auditory area: _________________ Primary olfactory (smell) area: medial aspect of _______________ Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Areas Located anterior to central sulcus Primary motor area: _________________ Broca’s speech area Interacts with premotor area and primary motor area to regulate breathing and speech muscles Is in left hemisphere in 97% of persons Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cerebrum: Functional Areas Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lobes of the Brain (4) Frontal ________ Occipital http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain - Frontal The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions: - Memory Formation - _____________ - Decision Making/Reasoning - _____________ (Investigation: Phineas Gage) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: - ___________________________) __________________________ (Proprioception - Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. _____________________________________ Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull. They play an integral role in the following functions: Hearing _______________________________________ ______________(Memory and Memory Formation) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lateralization Brain controls opposite side of the body: all sensory and motor pathways cross in CNS ____________________________________ Left hemisphere important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning Right side more involved with spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.