Warm Up Define enlighten and scientific revolution? How might the two be related?

The Enlightenment in Europe Mullin

Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZBs78WQuUc

“The Big Picture” Renaissance – changed the way man interpreted MAN Reformation – changed the way man interpreted GOD Age of Exploration – changed the way man interpreted the WORLD (& Europe’s place in it) Scientific Revolution – changed the way man interpreted the UNIVERSE WHAT’S NEXT?!?!

“The Big Picture” Enlightenment – examination of the relationship between the people and government What’s the most common form of government in the 18th C.? Natural intellectual consequence of Renaissance and Scientific Revolution Examination based in reasoned thought – not emotion!

John Locke Wrote during the Glorious Revolution, in England (1688) Social Contract idea: People give up some rights, but retain others Inalienable rights Life Liberty Property

John Locke People were reasonable (though still selfish) and had the natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Purpose of government is to protect these natural rights. Government power comes from the consent of the people.

John Locke Wrote Two Treatise on Government Purpose of government is to protect inalienable rights People have right to overthrow unjust government

Thomas Hobbes All humans were naturally selfish and wicked, therefore governments must keep order. People should hand over their rights to a strong ruler. This was what Hobbes called a social contract. Strong ruler should have total power (an absolute monarchy). This powerful government with awesome power is what he called a leviathan (sea monster) therefore he titled his book Leviathan (1651).

PS Analysis Read about Locke and Hobbs and other philosophers. Analyze the PS documents. Answer the corresponding questions Due EOC

Warm Up How is Thomas Hobbes and John Locke? What did each write? How did they contribute to the Enlightenment? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Av6R8QfgZ48

Voltaire Wrote more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. Used satire against his enemies, especially the clergy. Beliefs: Tolerance Reason Freedom of religious belief Freedom of speech “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Voltaire Leading philosophe Salons Voltaire wrote Candide Rich people’s sitting rooms Philosophes gathered to argue, debate ideas Voltaire wrote Candide Supported freedom of speech, religion Often made fun of intolerant nobles, churchmen “I disapprove of what you say, but will die defending your right to say it”

Montesqieu Believed Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day. Proposed the “separation of powers” between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Proposed “checks and balances.”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Passionately committed to individual freedom. Believed man was born free and good but easily corrupted. Believed the only good government was the “general will” or direct democracy.

Jean Jacques Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract People are good People need gov’t to keep them that way People must have say in their gov’t Spoke a lot about Popular Sovereignty Gov’t created by people Gov’t subject to will of people Power o gov’t = people

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria Beliefs Laws existed to preserve social order, not avenge crime. Accused should receive speedy trials. Torture should never be used. Degree of punishment should match seriousness of crime. Capital punishment (death penalty) should be abolished.

Mary Wollstonecraft Women should be equally educated along with men. Women should enter professions traditionally dominated by men like medicine and politics. Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Mary Shelley Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft. Mistress and later wife of poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Author of Frankenstein in the summer of 1816, Later published in 1818. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aY85IzWexWo&list=PLrzc0gyGAykExl_rDPBTffVBTvEl0xHwl

PS Analysis Philosopher Quote Analysis. Divide into 3 groups and read corresponding document. Prepare to share with class. Then complete the divine right of kings and map. Due EOC

Warm Up Define Enlightened despot Who are Voltaire, Montesquie and Rosseau? What did each write? What is the social contract?

Enlightened despots Enlightened despots supported the ideas of the philosophes and made enlightenment reforms. Europe’s most important enlightened despots included Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia.

Frederick II Ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786; granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education

Catherine the Great Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796; put in place limited reforms; vastly enlarged the Russian empire

Joseph II of Austria Religion The Arts Joseph II had the most progressive policy of religion toleration in all of Europe. He granted toleration toward Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-clerical and liberal innovations provoked a visit from the Pope Pius VI in 1782. Joseph showed himself a good Catholic, but was not persuaded to change his liberal positions on religion. The Arts He was known as the “musical king.” He was a huge patron of composers. He is featured prominently in the movie Amadeus, the fictionalized biography of Mozart.

Enlightenment DBQ Read the essay question. Read the documents and annotate them. Compose a thesis statement that answers the essay question. Write a two paragraph summary about how the documents support your thesis statement Quote the documents in your summary.

The Enlightenment Spreads

Representative Composers Baroque Music Representative Composers Antonio Vivaldi Johann Sebastian Bach George Friedrich Handel

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Representative Works Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723. 46 operas 76 sonatas Chamber music Sacred music

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Representative Works cantatas chorales organ works lute music chamber music canons and fugues Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

George Frederick Handel (1685-1759) Representative Works 42 operas 29 oratorios 120 cantatas, trios, duets numerous arias chamber music Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

A new, lighter style, emerged during the Enlightenment Classical Music A new, lighter style, emerged during the Enlightenment Representative Composers Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Known as “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet” Representative Works 104 Symphonies numerous concertos for various instruments 15 operas other music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Representative works 23 operas numerous symphonies “Toy Symphony” concertos “Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314” piano music chamber music sacred music masses

Ludwig van Beethoven Representative Works Symphonies (5th and 9th probably the most famous) Piano music “Fur Elise” Vocal music Operas Choral music

Diderot’s Encyclopedia Diderot began to publish a series of books in 1751 that were compilations of articles from leading scholars. Even though the French government and the Catholic Church censored the Encyclopedia, it was responsible for spreading Enlightenment ideas all over Europe.

Neoclassical Style Neoclassical art began to replace baroque art during the late 1700s. Neoclassical art followed a simple and elegant style that drew on ideas from classical Greece and Rome.

Changes in literature during the Enlightenment Eighteenth century writers began writing novels, lengthy works of prose fiction. Pamela, by Samuel Richardson, is often considered the first English novel.

Activity Complete Music reflection. Complete Enlightened Monarchs SSA All due EOC.