Chapter 1: People, Politics, and Participation American Democracy Now, 4/e

Why Should You Study American Democracy Now? Politics practiced today is not the same as your parents’ brand of politics! What’s changed? Technology: communication & information World events: September 11, 2001, Afghanistan & Iraq Wars : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

How Technology Has Changed Politics High speed computers, internet, micro-targeting & cellular technology Information sources: Facebook, Twitter, Internet-based news sites Campaigns: email, instant & text messaging, social networking sites Computers used to conduct elections & for government services Opportunities & challenges : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Political Context Now 9/11, Afghanistan, Iraq 1970s-2000- Increased cynicism, lower trust & efficacy, low voter turnout 2000 study of undergraduates: nearly two-thirds did not trust government to do right thing most of time (reflecting wider public views) : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Political Context Now: Effect of 9/11 Increased trust in government Upsurge in patriotism Increased voluntarism Optimism for future But this faded as Iraq war/economy soured : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Political Context Now Trust in government has declined But increased voter turnout among young in 2004 & 2008 & other forms of participation- internet & consumer power Wider individual & communal benefits of civic engagement: knowledge, communication, accountability, efficacy : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Voter Turnout by Age, 2000-2012 : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Civic Engagement: Acting on Your Views Civic engagement: Individual & collective actions designed to identify & address issues of public concern (e.g. volunteering, group involvement, campaigning) Political engagement: Citizen actions intended to solve problems through political means We focus on political engagement in this course Get involved! : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

People, Politics, and Participation Where Do You Stand? I’m pretty interested in following local politics. a. Agree b. Disagree Source: “Trends in Political Values and Core Attitudes: 1987–2007,” http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/312.pdf, p. 49. : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

What Government Does The key functions of government include: To protect their sovereign territory and their citizenry and to provide national defense To preserve order and stability To establish and maintain a legal system To provide services To raise and spend money To socialize new generations : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Types of Government Monarchy Oligarchy Democracy Usually single ruler, a king or queen with absolute authority over a territory. However, most modern monarchies are constitutional monarchies Oligarchy Elite few holds power Democracy Supreme power of governance in hands of citizens. Most modern democracies are republics or representative democracies : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Types of Government Totalitarian Authoritarian Constitutionalism Government controls every aspects of their citizens’ lives e.g. North Korea Authoritarian Government holds strong powers, but they are checked by other forces in society e.g. China & Cuba Constitutionalism Government that is structured by law, and in which the power of government is limited : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Origins of American Democracy Ancient Greeks developed concept of a democracy Citizens decided public issues in city-states based on majority rule But women and slaves not counted as citizens American democracy traces some of its roots to Judeo-Christian tradition and English common law & Protestant Reformation : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Democracy’s Origins in Popular Protest: The Influence of the Reformation and the Enlightenment Divine Right of Kings: Jacques-Benigne Bossuet Protestant Reformation challenged basic tenets of Catholicism Puritans asserted their right to communicate directly with God through prayer The Mayflower Compact: an example of a social contract Enlightenment: emphasis on individuality, reason, and scientific endeavor : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Modern Political Philosophy of Hobbes and Locke Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651) Social contract between absolute sovereign and people. Sovereign provides protection while people relinquish rights John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government (1689) Social contract. Government required to protect people’s natural rights in return for popular acceptance of governmental authority. Right of rebellion in absence of such protection : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Modern Political Philosophy of Hobbes and Locke Popular sovereignty From Jean-Jacques Rousseau: government is created by the people and depends on the people for the authority to rule Social contract theory Individuals possess free will, the right of self-determination, and the ability to consent to be governed : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Creation of the United States as an Experiment in Representative Democracy Logic behind rejection of divine right of kings: people could govern themselves Direct democracy: all citizens discuss and decide policy through majority rule Indirect democracy (representative democracy): a system in which citizens elect representatives who decide policies on behalf of their constituents : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Culture & American Values Political Culture: the people’s collective beliefs and attitudes about government and the political process Liberty Freedom from government interference in our lives and freedom to pursue happiness Equality Notions of equality have evolved over time The struggle for equality continues today : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Culture & American Values Capitalism An economic system in which the means of producing wealth are privately owned and operated to produce profits Pure vs. regulated capitalism Property ownership Consent of the Governed Government’s power derives from consent of people Individual, Family, and Community : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Ideology: A Prism for Viewing American Democracy Liberalism Associated with the ideas of liberty and political equality Advocates change in the social, political, and economic realms to better protect the well-being of individuals and to produce equality in society Classic liberalism vs. modern liberalism : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Ideology: A Prism for Viewing American Democracy Conservatism Recognizes the importance of preserving tradition Importance of order and stability Emphasis on individual initiative, rule of law, limited government authority, and free market : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Ideology: A Prism for Viewing American Democracy Other Ideologies Socialism: an ideology that stresses economic equality, theoretically achieved when government or workers own means of production Libertarianism: government should take a “hands-off” approach in most matters A Three-Dimensional Political Model Multidimensional scale measures people’s opinions on role of government in economy on one axis and their beliefs about personal freedom on second axis : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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U.S. Political Ideology by Age : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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The Changing Face of American Democracy A Population That Is Growing—and on the Move An Aging Population A Changing Complexion: Race and Ethnicity in the United States Today Changing Households: American Families Today Why the Changing Population Matters for Politics and Government : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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Population Distribution by County : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Aging U.S. Population, 2000-2050 : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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Population by Race Since 1990 : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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People, Politics, and Participation Where Do You Stand? Should the government care for those who can’t care for themselves? a. Yes, it should. b. No, it shouldn’t. Source: “Trends in Political Values and Core Attitudes: 1987–2007,” http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/312.pdf. : Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.