Ch. 3 - Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700

Martin Luther & English Reformation

John Calvin Calvinism--dominant theology for N.E. Puritans & other settlers Doctrine of Predestination: The elect had already been determined Conversion & “Visible Saints”

Puritans & Separatists “Purify” Church of England of all Catholic influence Separatists Completely wanted to break free from Church of England

James I 1603-1625 Scotsman Harassed Separatists because they threatened his leadership of the Church of England

Plymouth Bay Pilgrims Mayflower—1620 Separatists Left Scrooby England for Holland “Dutchification” Permission—Virginia Mayflower—1620 Massachusetts Bay Out of scope of charter

Mayflower Compact Mayflower Compact 1620 Before left ship Colony would rule by majority or “body public”—government by contract Started 1st town meeting

Map of the 13 Colonies

Plymouth Military leader—Myles Standish Winter 1620-21 44 of 102 survived Helped by Squanto & Chief Massasoit Epidemic killed ¾ of tribe before Pilgrims arrived

William Bradford Chosen governor 30 times in annual elections Wrote “Plymouth Plantation”

Plymouth Plantation--survival Economics Fur, Fish, Lumber Beaver Bible

First Thanksgiving Autumn, 1621 Celebrated with Wampanoag Indians

Charles I Moderate Puritans—some support in Parliament Charles I-- Parliament dismissed 1629 Sanctioned Puritan persecution by archbishop

Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629--Puritans (non-Separatists) formed Massachusetts Bay Company Used charter as constitution 1630—11 vessels, well equipped Part of “Great Migration”

Great Migration 1630-1642 About 70,000 from England Not all Puritan 20,000 to Massachusetts areas Many went to West Indies

John Winthrop & “City upon a hill” 1st governor—served 19 yrs Attorney & manor lord in Eng. “Calling” from God to lead new religious experiment “City” part of shared purpose for settlers

Success of Massachusetts Bay Fur trade, fishing, shipbuilding Largest/influential of all New England Colonies “Protestant Ethic”—serious commitment to work including worldly pursuits

Success of Massachusetts Bay Vote— “Freemen”—Puritan congregation adult males or “Visible Saints” 2/5 of all males vote—more than in England All property owners could discuss issues as town meetings General Court—representative assembly, but only freemen participate

John Cotton & the Power of Clergy “Bible Commonwealth”—religious leaders influence over politics John Cotton prominent clergy member Defended government duty to enforce religious rules Clergy power—not absolute—could not hold political office Tightly knit community—social harmony but dissention appeared, i.e. Quakers

Anne Hutchinson Bright, outspoken Antinomianism Trial 1638 Extreme Predestination doctrine Truly saved need not abide God’s or man’s laws Trial 1638 Out-reasoned inquisitors Downfall--Belief in direct revelation from God Banished—Rhode Island Died in NY from Indian attack

Roger Williams Extreme separatist, popular Salem minister “Radical Ideas”: Compensate Indians fairly for land Complete separation of church and state 1635 Banished Local Indians helped him survive Founded Rhode Island

Rhode Island 1636 Complete religious freedom Separation of church & state No taxes to support church No compulsory attendance or oaths Universal manhood suffrage (property requirement came later) 22

Thomas Hooker Connecticut River Hartford settlement Established by Dutch &English Hooker led large group of Boston Puritans to Hartford

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639 “ground breaking” A modern constitution Established democratic government

Connecticut Colony New Haven 1638 Close link—Church & state Disfavor with Charles II 1662—Charter united Connecticut river settlements with New Haven 25

Maine & New Hampshire Maine New Hampshire 1623--Sir Fernando Gorges—unsuccessful colonization 1677--absorbed by Massachusetts New Hampshire Fishing & trading community 1641 Absorbed by Massachusetts 1679 Made separate royal colony

Pequot War 1637--Tension Connecticut River Valley Militiamen & Narragansett allies Wigwams burned, survivors shot Pequot—nearly all destroyed

King Philip’s War 1675—1676—King Philip (or Metacom)—Massasoit’s son Coordinated assaults on villages 52 Puritan towns attacked, 12 completely destroyed Slowed westward movement; tribes dispirited & reduced

Charles II & the Restoration 1643 New England Confederation Puritan “club” 1st step to colonial unity 1660--Charles II restored to crown England’s focus back on colonies Found royal orders not followed Land grant to Conn. & new charter to Rhode Island 1684—Bay Colony Charter revoked Ends New England Confederation

Dominion of New England & Sir Edmund Andros 1686—Dominion imposed by London Enforce English Navigation Laws Sir Edmund Andros—Governor Militaristic & stopped town meetings

Glorious Revolution: William & Mary Bloodless Revolution James II deposed & replaced with William & Mary Ended Dominion of New England Boston Mob—Andros tries to escape in a dress 1691 Massachusetts—royal colony “Salutary Neglect”

Middle Colonies:

The Dutch and New Netherland Dutch East India Company Henry Hudson--1609 New Netherland--1623 Land claimed by New Netherlands when at its greatest extent.

New Amsterdam and New York New Amsterdam—Manhattan Island “Company” town Patroonships Cosmopolitan population New York--1664 Charles II--Granted to Duke of York Took from Dutch bloodlessly Aristocratic & autocratic colony Lasting Dutch influence

Peter Stuyvesant vs. New Sweden Despotic leader Military suppression of Swedish colony (absorbed w/ New Netherland) Lost New Amsterdam to Duke of York without firing a shot

Pennsylvania & Quakers William Penn—Quaker Granted land by king to pay debt to Penn’s deceased father--1681 Colony named after father Best advertized colony Bought land from Indians

Pennsylvania & Quakers Quaker tolerance Representative assembly No tax supported state church, freedom of worship (Jews & Catholics could not vote or hold office) Ethnic diversity In 19 years—surpassed population of all colonies except MA

New Jersey Small Quaker settlement 1664—Duke of York granted land to two noblemen New Englanders flocked o new soil West & East New Jersey sold to Quakers 1702—Crown unified and made it a royal colony

Delaware Only 3 counties Named after Lord De La Warr Some Quakers—associated with Pennsylvania Own assembly--1703 Controlled by PN until after Amer. Revolution

Contrasting colonies North—Urban development, Town meetings. Middle Colonies Fertile soil, bread colonies Rivers—backcountry not mills Industry Harbors Middle size farmers (except NY) Ethnically mixed Religiously toleration & democratic South—more aristocracy & less urban development