Chapter 3 The Road to Revolution

The Southern Colonies Jamestown – the first permanent English settlement in America Founded in 1607 on the James River Settled near the marshes and swamps Suffered disease and death King James I charted two companies to colonize North America Plymouth Company landed in Maine Could not stand the winters Indians refused to trade with them Abandoned the site London Company landed in Virginia Called the area Jamestown Hoped to find gold or silver

Powhatan John Smith took control Men thought they were too good for farming Don’t work = don’t eat Powhatan helped colonists Population went from 400 to 60 in one year Expected to persuade local indians to work for them If indians were hostile, make alliances with other indians Powhatans were the only indians around Jamestown was a deathtrap River was swampy and became contaminated with: dysentery, typhoid fever, and malaria

Daily Life in Virginia High death rate caused a labor shortage Indentured Servants – agreed to work 4 to 7 years for those who paid for their journey As the cost of slaves fell, slave labor increased Bacon’s Rebellion - Bacon and his followers attacked and burned Jamestown Settlers were dying from disease, starvation, and indian attacks Powhatan was killed by a settler His brother took over and led an attack that killed 350 settlers Settlers invited indians to a peace meeting where they poisoned 200 indians Peace is finally made Tobacco becomes main cash crop The export of tobacco allowed farmers to bring in indentured servants As England continued to have wars with France and Spain, these young men stayed and joined the army or navy This, along with the drop in price of slaves, lead to an increase in slave labor

Other Southern Colonies Maryland was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore Founded by Catholics but Protestants soon began moving there Tensions rose Toleration Act of 1649 – made it a crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians (Lord Baltimore)

Carolinas and Georgia Originally founded in 1633, Carolina was separated into North and South Carolina in 1712 North – mostly former servants and farmers that moved from Virginia South – mostly settlers from Europe Georgia – founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe Originally meant to block a Spanish attack England’s poor was put there to become worthy Also meant to shield the colonies from Spanish Florida

Economy of Southern Colonies Many small farms/some large plantations Warm climate and long growing season Cash crops – sold for profit Tobacco, rice, and indigo Slaves were the main source of labor Slave codes – laws to control slaves Southern economy depended on farming Because cash crops required a lot of work, a large workforce was needed (slaves)

New England Colonies Puritans - wanted to reform the Anglican Church Pilgrims – separatist group that left England to escape persecution Immigrants – people who left the country of their birth to live in another country Puritans wanted to follow God’s law, not England’s law Puritans felt the leaders of the church had too much power Pilgrims wanted to practice religion freely

Mayflower Compact Mayflower ship Landed at Plymouth Rock in present- day Massachusetts Mayflower Compact – legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good Squanto helped the Pilgrims to survive Were meant to land at Virginia Blown off course

Great Migration Economic, political, and religious problems led to the Great Migration More than 40,000 moved to New England

New England Economy Harsh climate and rocky soil Few cash crops Slavery was not important Trading was important Fishing became one of the leading industries As trade grew, shipbuilding grew

Education in New England Parents wanted their kids to be able to read the bible More schools in New England than in any other colonies Children went to work after elementary grades Harvard – 1636 William and Mary – 1693 Slaves were not permitted to read or write Areas with more slaves meant lower literacy for everyone

Middle Colonies Dutch found New Netherland (New York) and New Amsterdam (New York City) Quakers were a large religious group in New Jersey William Penn found Pennsylvania 1681 England came in and took New Netherland and New Amsterdam from the Dutch Penn’ s settlers were pacifists (chose not to engage in conflict) Took no weapons and organized no militia Made treaties with indians and welcomed all immigrants Found Philadelphia (City of Brotherly Love)

Economy of Middle Colonies Good climate and rich land Staple crops – crops that are always needed Indentured servants filled most labor needs Exported wheat to Britain and the West Indies Staple crops were wheat, barley, and oats Trade was important to the middle colonies Philadelphia and New York City exported to Britain and the West Indies

Life in the Colonies Each colony had a governor The center of politics was the town meeting Town meeting – people talked about and decided on issues of local interest Parliament replaced King James II and passed the English Bill of Rights, which reduced the powers of the English monarch The governor served as the head of the government In the southern colonies, they used county meetings (because people lived further away)

English Trade Laws England wanted to control the colonies to earn money from trade Navigation acts limited the trading of colonists Triangular trade – goods and slaves were traded among the colonies, Britain, and Africa Slaves were brought across the ocean in a voyage called the Middle Passage Colonists complained the Navigation Acts did not allow them to look for the best price Trade between the colonies and Britain was not direct

Great Awakening and Enlightenment Ministers began holding revivals Great Awakening – religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s Enlightenment – spread the idea that reason and logic could improve society in the 1700s John Locke – people have the right to equality and liberty

Causes of French and Indian War The British and French both wanted to control the Ohio Valley territory in North America.

The British wanted to settle in the Ohio Valley and the French wanted it for the fur trade.

Outcome The war officially ended with a British victory and with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763.

Political Consequences Great Britain Ruled Canada All lands east of the Mississippi River Except New Orleans

Kept sugar colonies in the Caribbean FRANCE Kept sugar colonies in the Caribbean Small fishing islands near Canada

Gave Florida to Great Britain SPAIN Gave Florida to Great Britain Got Louisiana Territory and New Orleans from France

Economic Consequences Most of the war was fought in America, so the British government thought the colonists should help pay for it. Britain imposed a series of taxes without consulting colonial governments.

Proclamation of 1763 Due to Pontiac’s Rebellion, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763. Colonists were forbidden from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Stamp Act The Stamp Act of 1765 was passed by Great Britain. It required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards in the American colonies to carry a tax stamp.

Stamp Act The act was made to reduce the cost of maintaining the military presence protecting the colonies. Colonists threatened tax collectors with tarring and feathering.

Declaratory Act British Parliament decided to repeal the Stamp Act since no one was obeying it. At the same time, they passed the Declaratory Act which was an attempt to control the behavior of the colonies.

Colonial Opposition No Taxation Without Representation became a rallying cry for colonists. Americans didn’t feel they should have to pay taxes when they did not have anyone to represent them in parliament.

Sons of Liberty This group formed as a result of the Stamp Act Many times they would seize the stamps or the papers that were stamped and burn them.

Sons of Liberty Samuel Adams and Paul Revere headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts. They enforced boycotts and occasionally resorted to violence.

Quartering Act This act was passed to require colonists to pay for housing and feeding British soldiers that were staying in their area.

Townshend Acts The Townshend Acts called for new import taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea.  In March, 1770, the Townshend Acts were repealed except for the tax on tea. The Sons of Liberty protested and attacked customs officials. British troops were sent to Boston.

Boston Massacre On March 5, 1770 the Boston Massacre occurred when a few troops fired on Bostonians who were throwing snowballs at them. The soldiers and their officer were charged with murder. A jury found the officer and six soldiers acted in self-defense and were not guilty.

Engraving by Paul Revere Boston Massacre Engraving by Paul Revere

Boston Tea Party When repealing the Townshend Acts, British Parliament kept the tea tax. A group of colonists, led by Samuel Adams and Paul Revere disguised themselves as Native Americans, boarded ships on the night of Dec. 16, 1773, and threw the tea into the harbor.

Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Acts The British government responded by closing the port of Boston and passed the Intolerable Acts. The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many causes that led to the American Revolution.

Intolerable Acts

Massachusetts Government Act The fourth was the Massachusetts Government Act. This happened on May 20,1774. It gave the British control of the town meetings and took control out of the colonists' hands.

Quartering Act First was the Quartering Act. It was passed on March 24, 1765. It said that colonists were to house any British soldier who came to their door and asked to stay.

Boston Port Act The second was the Boston Port Act. This bill was passed on June 1, 1774. This bill closed the port of Boston until the damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid for.

Administration of Justice Act The third was the Administration of Justice Act. It was passed on May 20, 1774. This bill said that British officials would not be able to be tried in colonial courts. They would be sent back to Britain and tried there.