Telecommunication ELEC503 12/01/1440 Telecommunication ELEC503 Week 2 Spring 2013/2014 Lecturer: Eng. Atef Abu Salim

ELEC503 Telecommunication Physical Topology Determines how the network nodes are connected together. Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Mesh Topology 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Bus Topology Drop Line Tap Terminator Drop line: connection between node and main cable via tap. Tap: connector between drop line and main cable. Terminator: to prevent bouncing. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Bus Topology cont. Multipoint. One long cable (backbone) ,connect all nodes in network. Access method : Broadcast. All computer have a copy from a message but only the receiver (sent to) can open the message. If the cables was cutoff or failure , all network is down,. This topology uses less cabling. Easy to add nodes. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Star Topology Hub 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Star Topology cont. All nodes in network connected point-to-point link with central controller (hub). In star topology, each node need one link and one port to connect with network. All network depend on the hub, if the hub goes down , all network is dead. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Ring Topology Access method: Token passing 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Ring Topology cont. Every node connected point-to-point with two node. The signal is passed on one direction. Not all node have the same copy of the message. The message sent by the sender and the message turns to give destination To speed up the network we add another ring. When a ring break , all network is dead. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Mesh Topology 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Mesh Topology cont. Every node has dedicated point-to-point link with all node in network. Every node must have n-1 port. N: no. of nodes in network No. of link in any mesh network = N(N-1)/2 Mesh topology service security and privacy. More expensive. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Hybrid Topology A network can be hybrid. hub 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Transmission Media A transmission media define as anything that can carry information from a source to a destination. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

Transmission Media cont. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Guided Media 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Coaxial Cable (coax) 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Coaxial Cable (coax) Two kinds: Thicknet(RG-11): it connect 100 devices with range 500 m (more expensive ). Thinnet (RG-58): it connect 30 devices within 185 m (cheaper). To connect coaxial cable to device, we need (BNC). Carries signals of higher frequency ranges than twisted-pair cable. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Thinnet Ref: http://www.ussg.iu.edu/usail/external/ethernet/ethernet-guide.html 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Twisted-Pair Cable 100 m, more flexible, cheap, installation doesn’t need experience. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Twisted Pair cable Two or more pairs of single conductor wires that have been twisted around each other. Twisted pair cable is classified by category. Twisted pair cable is currently Category 1 through Category 6. Twisting the cables helps to eliminate electromagnetic interference between the two wires. Shielding can further help to eliminate interference. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) More difficult to install and more expensive but less susceptible to noise. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) RJ45 connector To connect twisted pair cable to device we need RJ45 connector 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Connector RJ-45 BNC 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Fiber Optics cable 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Fiber Optics cable Single-mode fiber Carries light pulses along single path. Multimode fiber Many pulses of light travel at different angles 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

Fiber Optics cable cont. Advantage: noise resistance, less attenuation, and higher bandwidth. Disadvantage: cost, installation/maintenance, and fragility. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

Fiber Optics cable cont. Two popular connectors used with fiber-optic cable: ST connectors SC connectors Other Connector Types: FC, MT-RJ, FDDI 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

Categories of 10-Mbps, Ethernet 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Unguided Media Transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor (wireless communication). Radio waves & microwaves Infrared Light wave 3 KHz 300 GHz 400 GHz 900 GHz 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Unguided Media Radio, satellite microwave,, Bluetooth, and infrared light are all different forms of electromagnetic waves that are used to transmit data. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Unguided signal can travel from the source to destination in several ways: 1.Ground Propagation: Radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging the earth. The low frequency signal follow the curvature of the planet. Distance depends on the amount of the power. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Cont. 2.Sky Propagation: Higher frequency radio radiate upward into the ionosphere where they are reflected back to the earth. Sky propagation allow for greater distance with lower power output. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Cont. 3.line-of-sight Propagation: Very high frequency signals are transmitted in straight lines directly from antenna to antenna. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

Wireless Communication 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Radio Waves Between 3 KHz – 1 GHz. Omnidirectional. Radio waves use omnidirectional antenna. Radio waves used for multicast communication, such as radio and television. Sky Propagation. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

ELEC503 Telecommunication Microwave Between 1 GHz- 300 GHz. Unidirectional. Microwave use Unidirectional antenna. Microwave used for unicast communication, such as cellular telephone ,wireless LAN and satellite. Line-of-sight propagation. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication

Infrared Transmissions Between 300 GHz-400 THz Used for short-range communication. Very common with remote control devices, but can also be used for device-to-device transfers, such as PDA to computer. Line-of-sight propagation. 9/22/2018 ELEC503 Telecommunication