Joint and Joint Mechanics Defined: The points of contact between two connected bones Hold bones together a.k.a. articulation

Types of Joints Fibrous Non moveable Bound together by connective tissue e.g. sutures 2. Cartilaginous Slightly moveable hard exterior/soft core e.g. intervertebal disks Synovial Most moveable Cartilage and synovia (fluid) Joined by ligaments e.g. knee

Types of Synovial Joints Condyloid Oddly shaped boney surface 2 directions of movement e.g. radiocarpal joint Hinge Concave and convex boney surface 1 direction of movement e.g. humeroulnar joint 3. Ball and Socket 3 directions of movement e.g. glenohumeral joint

Saddle Gliding Pivot 2 directions of movement e.g. carpometacarpal joint Gliding flat and slightly curved boney surfaces e.g. acromioclavicular joint Pivot One bone rotates about another e.g. atlanto-axial joint (‘no’)

Characteristics of A Synovial Joint Articulating Cartilage: located at the end of bones that come in contact with one another. It allows smooth contact surface and acts as a shock absorber. Joint Capsule: a fiberous structure located on the outside of the joint which consists of: - synovial membrane: allows nutrients to pass - fibrous capsule: keeps synovial fluid from leaking Joint Cavity: space filled with synovial fluid located between two joints. Synovial Fluid: lubricates joints by reducing friction while providing nutrients. Internal/External Ligaments: reinforce the joint by providing support but are not elastic.

Sport Injuries Tissue Properties: Recall; Ligaments- bone to bone, tough bands of white fibrous tissue, allow some stretch Tendons- muscles to bone, composed of white fibrous collage, allow more stretch

Refers to injuries of all joint tissue types Sprains and Strains Refers to injuries of all joint tissue types Sprains (ligament injuries) Strains (muscle & tendon injuries) First degree Mild A few days to heal Second degree Moderate to more severe Physiotherapy Third degree Severe Surgery and rehab (6-12 months)

Sprain or Strain ???

Tendonitis Inflammation of a tendon caused by irritation due to prolonged / abnormal use. Treatment: rest, cold/heat therapy possibly splints, casts, etc… e.g Jumpers Knee

Dislocations When a bone is displaced from its original location. Symptoms: Joint looks awkward, painful unusable. Treatment: medical attention

Separations When bones held together by fibrous ligaments tear away from each other. Treatment: medical attention

Shin Splints An overuse injury cause by excessive force on the tibia - effects the tibia and associated tissues (interosseous membrane and/or periosteum) - Athletes need to watch training regime, surfaces and shoes.

SYMPTOMS OF ANY SPORTS INJURY S.welling H.eat A.ltered R.ed P.ainful

Treatment Upon injury follow: P.I.E.R Principal P.ressure: immediately I.ce: immediately (approx. 10 mins on, 10 mins off) E.levation: raise to reduce swelling R.estriction: rest and protect