Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Condyloptera Vericrustacea   Collembola: Springtails Protura: Coneheads Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Hexapoda Insecta Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Odonata: Dragonflies Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Condyloptera Holometabola

Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola HOLOMETABOLA: COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

Order: Siphonaptera: Fleas Roughly 300 known species in North America, specializing on different groups or single species of mammals or birds. The human flea, Pulex irritans, attacks humans a other animals. Oriental Rat Flea: Xenopsylla cheopis: Tranmit several diseases, including bubonic plague, typhus, and tapeworm

Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Mouthparts prolonged into a beak; four long membranous wings that are similar in venation

Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Panorpidae – Common Scorpionflies (54) - males with enlarged, bulb-like genitals - females abdomen tapers to two apical cerci - adults and larva eat dead insects

Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Panorpidae – Common Scorpionflies Bittacidae – Hangingflies (7) - predaceous - hang from vegetation and catch prey with raptorial hind legs - males often give females a nuptial gift (prey) to entice mating

Order – Diptera: Flies The distinguishing characteristic is 2 wings, with 2 halteres on metathorax.

Order – Diptera: Flies The distinguishing characteristic is 2 wings, with 2 halteres on metathorax. Mouthparts sucking, but modified to mopping, stabbing or reduced

Nematocera

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments Tipulidae – Crane Flies (1600) - Adult: long thin legs and a “V-shaped” suture on the mesonotum; don’t feed - ocelli absent

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments Tipulidae – Crane Flies (1600) - Adult: long thin legs and a “V-shaped” suture on the mesonotum; don’t feed - ocelli absent - Larvae: mostly detrivivores, some predaceous, aquatic or soil

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments Tipulidae – Crane Flies Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies (16) - unmistakeble banded legs and gliding, floating flight

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments Tipulidae – Crane Flies Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies Anisopodidae – Wood Gnats - ocelli present; look a bit crane fly like - common species have brownish wings and triangular clear areas

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments Tipulidae – Crane Flies Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies Anisopodidae – Wood Gnats Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats (700) - mosquito-like, with reduced venation in wing; long coxae

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments Tipulidae – Crane Flies Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies Anisopodidae – Wood Gnats Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats Sciaridae – Dark-winged Fungus Gnats (170) - much like mycetophilids, but with dark wings - compound eyes almost meet above antennae

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments Tipulidae – Crane Flies Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies Anisopodidae – Wood Gnats Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats Sciaridae – Dark-winged Fungus Gnats Psychodidae – Moth Flies and Sand Flies (112) - small, wings with hairs on margin and long, parallel veins; body hairy - often in moist, shady places and drains and sewers - sand flies bite and can transmit viral diseases in tropics (leishmaniasis in S.A.)

Leischmania is a trypanosome protist Leischmania is a trypanosome protist. 30 species infect animals; 21 of these can transmit to humans. Currently infect 12 million people

Cutaneous leishmaniasis at the bite site… also diffuse cutaneous (sores eropt over body – looks like leprosy) visceral and mucocutaneous (nose and mouth). New and Old World Tropics and China/Afghanistan

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums, “sand flies” (580) - radial vein crowded along leading edge of wing; median vein 2-branched but hind branch weak - females suck blood of vertebrates and some other insects

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums Chironomidae – Midges (1090) - small (1-10mm) but very abundant - don’t bite - metanotum with keel or furrow - plumose antenna

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums Chironomidae – Midges (1090) - small (1-10mm) but very abundant - don’t bite - metanotum with keel or furrow - larvae are aquatic and sometimes abundant and red – “bloodworms” - detritivores, also indicative of polluted water

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums Chironomidae – Midges Simuliidae – Black Flies (165) - black, biting flies; often hump-backed…’buffalo flies’ - antennae short and stout…leading veins strong, posterior weak

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums Chironomidae – Midges Simuliidae – Black Flies (165) - black, biting flies; often hump-backed…’buffalo flies’ - antennae short and stout…leading veins strong, posterior weak - larvae video video2

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums Chironomidae – Midges Simuliidae – Black Flies Culicidae – Mosquitoes (166) - wings have scales along veins like moth flies - long proboscis

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums Chironomidae – Midges Simuliidae – Black Flies Culicidae – Mosquitoes (166) - wings have scales along veins like moth flies - long proboscis - larvae aquatic Life cycle

Encephalitis West Nile virus Dengue Fever Malaria Rift Valley Fever Yellow Fever Filariasis – nematode infections like elephantiasis Killed more people than all the wars in history. Malaria was the primary cause of death in tropical Africa until 1990’s and the AIDS epidemic began Anopheles carry malaria (Plasmodium protozoan) – 2 million deaths / year Aedes carry dengue and yellow - viral

Nematocera

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) PULVILLIFORM BRISTLE-LIKE

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies (260) - Radial vein branches are heavy and shifted anteriorly; costa doesn’t reach wingtip - membrane behind closed cells has fine longitudinal wrinkles

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) - upper and lower calypters large

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) - upper and lower calypters large - Postscutellum large

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) - upper and lower calypters large - Postscutellum large - R4 +R5 divergent, enclosing wing tip

Deer Fly (Chrysops spp.) Horse Fly (Tabanus spp.)

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Phoridae – Hump-backed or Coffin Flies (370) - Branches of R thickened and crowded into anterior of wing base; 3-4 weak veins with no crossveins in rear half of wing

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies (370) - Branches of R thickened and crowded into anterior of wing base; 3-4 weak veins with no crossveins in rear half of wing - hump-backed; rapid, darting running; laterally flattened hind femora video

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies Mydidae – Mydas Flies (55) - a small group, but the most common eastern species is easy to identify by its yellow/orange band across abdomen, clubbed 4-segmented antennae, and large, and dark size and dark wings. Mydas clavatus

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies Mydidae – Mydas Flies Asilidae – Robber Flies (~1000) - vertex sunken so top of head between eyes is concave; eyes never holoptic - some stout; some very slender; prey on other insects, often in flight

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies Mydidae – Mydas Flies Asilidae – Robber Flies Bombyliidae – Bee Flies (900) - short, fuzzy, with a long proboscis - hover and buzz - larvae parasitic on hymenoptera and other insects

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies Mydidae – Mydas Flies Asilidae – Robber Flies Bombyliidae – Bee Flies Empididae – Dance Flies (760) - small, dark flies - neither hairy nor metallic - large thorax and tapering abdomen; male genitalia often prominent

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Dolichopodidae – Long-legged Flies (1,275) - metallic green or copper; predatory on smaller insects - male genitialia folded under abdomen

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Dolichopodidae – Long-legged Flies Pipunculidae – Big-headed Flies (128) - not abundant, but easily identified

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Dolichopodidae – Long-legged Flies Pipunculidae – Big-headed Flies Platypezidae – Flat-footed Flies - hind tarsi expanded and touch surface

Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like Dolichopodidae – Long-legged Flies Pipunculidae – Big-headed Flies Platypezidae – Flat-footed Flies 22. Syrphidae – Hover Flies (870) - experts of mimicry, but not dangerous - hover around vegetation - extra vein between R and M, called the ‘spurious vein’

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter present (Calypterate muscoid flies) 23. Calliphoridae – Blow flies - metallic blue or green - most are scavengers, some are parasites (screw worm)

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter present (Calypterate muscoid flies) 23. Calliphoridae – Blow flies Muscidae – House/Latrine Flies (620) - larvae live in filth and excrement; carriers of typhoid and other diseases - Musca domestica (L.)

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter present (Calypterate muscoid flies) 23. Calliphoridae – Blow flies Muscidae – House/Latrine Flies 25. Tachinidae – Tachinid Flies (1,350) - lots of bristles on abdomen - R5 cell narrowed distally, postscutellum developed - parasites of many insects, particularly lep’s

video

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies (33) - not a big group, but easily identified by the elongate body and waving of front legs.

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies - often wasps or bee mimics; they grab them in flight and lay an egg on them, which burrows in and is endoparasitic. - large proboscis

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies - often with patterns on the wing – may be spider mimic - pests of apples (Apple maggot fly), citrus (Med. Fruit fly) Goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta) video

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies Chloropidae – Grass Flies (290) - larvae feed on grass stems, some are serious pests of cereals - some adults drawn to animal secretions, even at the eye – ‘eye gnats’

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies Chloropidae – Grass Flies Sphaeroceridae – Small Dung Flies (250) - basal tarsi bulbous on hind leg - common around dung and in marshes

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies Chloropidae – Grass Flies Sphaeroceridae – Small Dung Flies (250) 31. Drosophilidae – Pomace Flies (182)

Order: Diptera - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies Chloropidae – Grass Flies Sphaeroceridae – Small Dung Flies 31. Drosophilidae – Pomace Flies 32. Ephydridae – Shore Flies(463) - often in great numbers along shores - some with large, raptorial forelegs