Global Encounters 1492-1560

Early Motivation The Silk Road Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca (Malaysia) A New Player  Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships.

The Voyage of Marco Polo Traveled from 1271-1295

The Silk Road was a long lasting network of trade routes that for centuries were responsible for cultural interaction from China all throughout Asia and connecting the East and West to the Mediterranean Sea. *As early as 100 BCE through ~1500 CE

The Known World (1492)

Motives for European Exploration Crusades  bypass intermediaries to get to Asia Renaissance  curiosity about other lands/peoples Reformation  refugees & missionaries Leaders (Monarchs) seeking new sources of revenue Technological advances Fame and fortune.

New Maritime Technology Measure a ship’s latitude Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Measure a ship’s latitude Better Maps Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons and Ships

Portuguese Exploration Support by Prince Henry the Navigator -Portuguese explore west coast of Africa. -Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. -Vasco da Gama, 1498. -Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511)

Christopher Columbus

The Voyages of Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of World: Early 16c

Finding a “Northwest Passage” Atlantic Exploration Finding a “Northwest Passage” Looking for “El Dorado”

The Spanish Conquests The West Indies - ~1500 Columbus (and others) The Aztec Empire (Mexico) - 1521 Hernan Cortes The Incan Empire (Peru) - 1532 Francisco Pizarro

Spanish Conquest – the Aztecs VS. Hernan Cortes Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Spanish Conquest – the Incas Francisco Pizarro vs. Atahualpa

The Columbian Exchange Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough

Treasure from the Americas

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. -Sugar cane & sugar plantations. -First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. -275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

European Empires in the Americas

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. 4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. “Price Revolution” 3. New products introduced across the continents Columbian Exchange 4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

New Patterns of World Trade