Adaptations and policies for food security Presented by Johann Bell

Authors This presentation is based on Chapter 13 ‘Adapting tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change: management measures, policies and investments’ in the book Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change, edited by JD Bell, JE Johnson and AJ Hobday and published by SPC in 2011. The authors of Chapter 13 are: Johann Bell, Neil Andrew, Michael Batty, Lindsay Chapman, Jeffrey Dambacher, Brian Dawson, Alex Ganachaud, Peter Gehrke, John Hampton, Alistair Hobday, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Johanna Johnson, Jeff Kinch, Robert Le Borgne, Patrick Lehodey, Janice Lough, Tim Pickering, Morgan Pratchett, Aliti Vunisea and Michelle Waycott

Purpose Practical adaptations and policies are needed to minimise and fill the gap

Adaptation decision framework Addresses climate change Long-term Loss Long-term Gain Lose-Lose X Lose-Win Win-Win x Near-term Loss Addresses present drivers Win-Lose Near-term Gain After Grafton (2010)

Win-win adaptations Manage and restore vegetation cover in catchments L-W W-W L-L W-L Manage and restore vegetation cover in catchments Improves resilience of coral reef, mangrove and seagrass habitats

Win-win adaptations Sustain production of fish stocks L-W W-W L-L W-L Sustain production of fish stocks Maintaining spawning adults will help ensure replenishment and build resilience of key species

Win-win adaptations L-W W-W L-L W-L Store and distribute tuna and bycatch from industrial fleets to urban areas

Win-win adaptations L-W W-W L-L W-L Increase access to tuna with anchored inshore Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs)

Win-win adaptations Improve post-harvest methods L-W W-W L-L W-L Photo: Jocelyn Carlin

Win-win adaptations L-W W-W L-L W-L Develop pond aquaculture in rural and peri-urban areas Photo: Ben Ponia

Win-win adaptations L-W W-W L-L W-L Develop coastal fisheries for small pelagic species ? Photo: Nathalie Behring

Other adaptations Provide for landward migration of coastal fish habitats L-W W-W L-L W-L

Other adaptations Reduce and diversify catches of demersal fish L-W W-W L-L W-L Greater focus on herbivorous fish

Other adaptations Allow for expansion of freshwater fish habitats L-W W-W L-L W-L

Other adaptations Modify locations and infrastructure for aquaculture L-W W-W L-L W-L Modify locations and infrastructure for aquaculture

Suggested supporting policies Strengthen governance of agriculture, forestry and mining practices to prevent soil loss and pollution, to safeguard fish habitats and water quality Minimise barriers to migration of coastal and freshwater habitats Promote mangrove replanting programmes Apply ‘primary fisheries management’ to coastal and freshwater stocks to maintain their potential for replenishment

Suggested supporting policies Restrict export of demersal fish to retain them for national food security Increase access to tuna for the food security by reducing national allocations to industrial fleets Capitalise on opportunities for freshwater pond aquaculture Limit farming of Nile tilapia to catchments where tilapia species are already established, or there is a shortage of fish

Key investments Revegetation of catchments to trap sediment and maintain riparian (stream side) buffer zones Modify infrastructure to allow habitats to migrate Implement community-based ecosystem approach to fisheries management Develop business models and incentives to store, process and distribute of low-cost tuna and bycatch Assess feasibility of using licence fees to offset cost of locally-canned tuna for inland populations

Key investments Surveys of best sites for installing inshore FADs Programmes to install and maintain FADs Identify prime locations for peri-urban and rural pond aquaculture Hatcheries and networks to deliver juveniles Evaluate merits of micro-credit schemes to develop fisheries around FADs; expand pond aquaculture; and scale-up post-harvest processing

Conclusions Win-win adaptations are available to reduce risks and capitalise on opportunities Supporting policies and investments are needed Integrate adaptations, policies and investments into national strategies and action plans for climate change, including community-based actions supported by partners