Community and Environmentally sustainable development Masyarakat dan lingkungan hidup berkelanjutan Community and Environmentally sustainable development

Environmentally sustainable society means: Satisfies the basic needs of its people without depleting or degrading its natural resources thereby preventing current and future generations of humans and other species from meeting their basic needs.

Basic needs of society: All forms of life must have enough food, survive and healthy Clean air, water and shelter Additional needs for humans -Enough income to meet basic needs -Respectable and safe work -Health care, recreation, and cultural opportunities -Education -Freedom from physical danger

Controversies of environmental worldviews : Environmentalists and scientists believe that we are living unsustainably by depleting and degrading the earth’s natural capital at accelerating rate as our population Demands on the earth’s resources and life sustaining processes increase exponentially One-third of natural capital has lost between 1970-1999 because of a combination of exponential growth in population and the use of the earth’s natural resources (WWF, the New Economic Foundation, and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre) Other analysts do not believe that we are living unsustainably, they contend that environmentalists have exaggerated the seriousness of population and environmental problems Any population, resources and environmental problems can be overcome by human ingenuity and technological advances

Many ideas of environmental worldview are incorporated in the concept of environmentally sustainable economic development Economic grow There is an economic grow* between 1900 and 2000: the global output goods and services increased from $2.3 trillion to $42 trillion and is projected to triple by 2050 This economic growth has allowed billions people to live longer coupled with population growth which led to environmental problems *economic grow: an increase the capacity to provide goods and services for people

Shifting from Economic growth to environmentally sustainable economic development : Encourages environmentally sustainable forms of economic growth that meet the basic needs of the currents and future generations of humans and other species Discourages environmentally harmful and unsustainable forms of economic growth

Using environmentally sustainable economic development as the basis for developing environmentally sustainable society requires governments, businesses, and individuals to integrate social, economic and environmental goals and policies

Sustaining Resources for sustainable economic development -Sustaining species -Sustaining terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity -Sustaining Cities

Sustaining wild species

The earth’s 17 most biodiversity countries Indonesia (1.3% land surface of the world) is the second richest country in biodiversity, 16 % of world’s species

Sustaining terrestrial biodiversity: the ecosystems approach Managing and sustaining forests Reduce tropical deforestation and degradation Managing and sustaining national parks Establishing, designing, managing nature reserves Ecological restoration (Rehabilitation and restoration of damaged ecosystems) Reduce tropical deforestation and degradation : Reduce the need to harvest trees (improve the efficiency of wood use, increase paper recycling, use fiber that does not come from trees to make paper, Reduce the poverty that leads the poor to use forest unsustainably Phase out government subsidies to sustainable forestry and biodiversity protection Encourage government to protect large areas of tropical forest

Managing and sustaining forests Conventional short rotation Enhance sustainability of forests Selective cutting Shelterwood cutting Seed-tree cutting Clear-cutting Strip cutting

Developing Biosphere Reserve

Sustaining aquatic biodiversity Protecting endangered and threatened species Establishing protected areas Using integrated coastal management Regulating and preventing ocean pollution Sustainably managing marine fisheries

Sustaining Cities: Urban land use and management Major spatial patterns of urban development Jakarta close to concentric circle model

Urban development To prevent and control urban growth and sprawl, smart growth tools are used

Shifting the use of non-renewable to renewable energy Fossil fuel energy Non fossil fuel energy (hydroelectric , nuclear, geothermal, solar, tide, wind, biodiesel, biogas, biokerosene, bioethanol)

environmentally sustainable economic development

Economics, environment, and sustainability The economic system

Ecological view of economic activity All economics as human subsystem that depends on resources and services provided by sun and natural resources A consumers society devoted to economic growth to satisfy ever-expanding wants assumes that technological cleverness will allow to find substitutes to overcome any limits on resources and ways to keep pollution and environmental degradation at acceptable levels To ecological economists, such a society is eventually unsustainable because of its depletion and degradation of natural resources

Ecological economic : unsustainable economic growth and environmentally sustainable economic development

All economics goods & services have both external and internal costs

Internal costs Full costs pricing (internalization the external costs): to include all cost of goods and services in the market price

External costs For example in making cars, the external costs : Depletes nonrenewable energy & mineral resources Produces solid and hazardous wastes Disturb land Pollutes air & water Contributes to global climate change Reduces biodiversity are not included in the market price Everyone in certain society needs to pay hidden costs sooner or later in the form: Poor health Higher cost for health care and insurance Higher taxes for pollution control (for example gasoline market price)

Cost to control pollution

How to improve environmental quality A. Making the transition to environmentally sustainable economic: Using regulation Reward Punishment Pollution standards Regulate harmful activities Ban the release of toxic chemicals into environment Require protection for irreplaceable or slowly replenished resources government subsidies Tax breaks Using green taxes or effluent fees Charging user fees Requires businesses to post a pollution prevention or assurance B. Environmental management (Fig. 26-13) C. Reducing poverty (increasing global economy)

Environmental management

Politics, environment, and sustainability Politics and environment policy Developing and influencing environmental policy (precautionary, preventing, integrative, ecological design, environmental justice principle Environmental law Global environment policy

Extra file Fact: Water disaster