People and the Planet- Topic 1 Population Dynamics 1.2 How far can population change and migration be managed sustainably? 1.2b) Many countries have policies to control and manage migration flows

Over populated /Under populated! SPARSE POPULATION DENSE POPULATION What do you think the terms dense and sparse mean in relation to population? Sparsely populated means- few people per km squared Densely populated means- many people per km squared

Why do countries need different approaches to migration? Some countries do not need any more people, they already have enough or too many for the resources the have- e.g. Bangladesh- Bangladesh has too many people it is OVER POPULATED There are enough working age people to do the jobs required and the birth rate is high so more children will be around to replace the workers in future It is a very small country which is one of the most DENSELY populated in the world- it has very little space left for more people so does not openly encourage immigrants Also it would struggle to attract migrants anyway due to its location, being prone to floods and cyclones

Russia Has a decreasing population Some say it is UNDER POPULATED It has more resources than people to use them It has resources to exploit and needs to ensure enough workers to exploit them It is encouraging high skilled immigrants to come work in Russia to do necessary jobs It is also offering cash incentives for Russians who have emigrated to return to the country to live and work

The UK The UK’s first wave of immigrants arrived in 1948 from Jamaica. The UK needed migrants to rebuild the nation after the war, where many working aged people (esp. men) were lost. The government passed an act giving all commonwealth citizens free entry to the UK to replace the lost people During the 50’s and 60’s 250,000 immigrants came to UK form the Caribbean and around the same number from the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan, Bangladesh and India) By 1971 there were over 1 million immigrants to the UK

Post war migration to the UK from the commonwealth.

The UK The new citizens took up a variety of jobs, many worked in textiles, steel or other industrial or factory jobs Many drove buses or worked on railways Later arrivals particularly from the Indian subcontinent were at the fore front of the increasing tertiary (service) sector opening and running shops and restaurants By the 1970’s the government felt there was enough labour supply in the UK mass immigration was no longer necessary

The UK However although mass immigration was no longer openly encouraged the number of foreign born people in the UK continued to increase Now we can look back at the impacts of post war immigration on the UK positives negatives Met need for skilled and unskilled labour at time Played important role in reconstruction of country post war Public money had to spent on meeting needs of immigrants- housing, education, healthcare In 1970s/80s recession these immigrants added to burden of unemployment

The UK Social Impacts of post war immigration- There were many race riots during the 60s, 70s and 80s, ethnic minority groups were often discriminated against and racially attacked. Due to this immigrants tended to group together in areas of rundown housing in inner city areas BUT the situation has changed- there are now anti discrimination laws and mostly all groups in the UK live in harmony Many now see the positives of the immigration- the children are doing well and doing important skilled jobs, many represent the UK at various sports and have seats in parliament, they are integrated into UK society fully

The UK Since the 70s there have been controls on commonwealth citizens entering the UK In the mid to late 1990s there was another economic boom world wide the UK needed more labour as its birth rate had decreased and the death rate had slowed due to health advancements- the UK turned to Eastern Europe for migrant workers to fill the labour gaps

Mid Noughties- Eastern Europeans flock to UK In 2004- the Eastern European states of the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic (Slovakia), Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia joined the EU Giving them an open door to the UK to live and work. Many came as ECONOMIC MIGRANTS only wanting to come to make enough money to set themselves up in their homeland and then return there. In terms of migration there are 2 countries involved The HOST country (where the migrants are going to, to work) and the SOURCE country (the country the migrant calls home and is leaving behind)

Many UK newspapers used this migration to reignite the race debates and cause trouble, they use stirring headlines to scare monger people into believing that all immigrants are bad and should have to leave, although there are obviously some issues. Migrants often bring positives to a country, alongside some of the negatives. However many do not realise the impact on the source country too

Task DO NOT JUST COPY THE CARDS Summarise the points on them positives 1) Draw a table like the one below over a whole page of your book/ notes 2) Complete the card sort and then make noted into your table 3) When you have done that, make a key underneath or alongside the table, take 3 colours, letters or symbols and code all the noted statements according to whether they are socio- cultural, environmental, economic or political issues DO NOT JUST COPY THE CARDS Summarise the points on them positives negatives HOST COUNTRY SOURCE COUNTRY

Summary of previous task positives negatives HOST COUNTRY Labour gap is filled Taxes are paid by migrants Increase birth rate Migrants have strong work ethic often work long hours take few breaks and earn low pay so cost effective Services have to be provided, like schools and healthcare and housing which causes tension Extra tension is caused May take some jobs from UK citizens SOURCE COUNTRY Less pressure on services Remittance payments from migrants sent home Higher tax per person Services may close as none to use or provide Shortage of labour Gender imbalance as mainly young males who leave Birth rate drops Not enough people to provide services or exploit resources Fewer paying tax

The UK- current policy on immigration Many Eastern European migrant workers are now leaving the UK as the economy slumps and less money is available The UK still has no control over any Eastern European entering the UK to live or work as EU members borders are open, just as we can move to Poland at any time, so they can do the same here BUT For non EU citizens wanting to settle in the UK doing so is now harder than ever, we have a POINTS BASED SYSTEM, where you have to have certain skills or fulfil certain criteria for entry

The UK- current policy on immigration There are 5 tiers of migrant Tier 1- highly skilled workers or entrepreneurs, these are most likely to be permitted entry as they could set up businesses or bring extra income to the UK economy in longer term Tier 2- skilled workers with job offer- such as teachers or nurses, however these will only be granted entry where there is proof there are no UK residents who can do that particular job Tier 3- low skilled workers filling temporary need for labour- e.g. construction workers doing building for up coming Olympics Tier 4-Students- but no longer does the UK allow spouses or children of students to accompany the fee paying student it used to do so Tier 5- youth mobility and temporary workers- musicians coming to play concert- they’ll be permitted entry on time specific visa

How does the USA try to control immigrants? Read through the information on pages 154-5 of textbook Answer the following- How many foreign born people live in the USA? Why? Why do you think the US attracts so many migrants? (think about what you know about the place! Would you want to go?) Look at the graph on page 154 describe how the number of immigrants to the USA has changed between 1820 and 2000 (2) Look at the map at the bottom of page 154 give reasons for the pattern of legal migration to the USA (3) When did the USA pass its immigration act? Why? What were its aims? Outline some of the advantages and disadvantages of immigration to the USA

At Home… Think about and provide detailed responses to the following practice questions Why might a country like Bangladesh ban all immigrants in future? Would it be a good idea? Why? Why has the UK policy on immigration changed so greatly over the past 60 years? How is the US immigration policy similar to and different from the immigration policy of the UK and Russia? Why do different countries have different attitudes towards immigration?