Chapter 9 Energy Balance and Weight Management

Weight Management Terms Energy balance occurs when energy consumed equals energy expenditure. Energy is measured in kilocalories (kcal, kcalories) or kilojoules (kjoules, kJ). A kcalorie is a measure of the amount of energy that is supplied to or expended by the body. Overweight is being too heavy for one’s height or having a BMI of 25–29. Obesity is characterized by excess body fat or a BMI over 30. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2

Consequences of Excess Body Fat Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. BMI Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4

Measuring Body Composition Skinfold thickness Underwater weighing Air displacement Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Bioelectric impedance Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5

Body Fat Distribution Patterns Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6

Body Fat Distribution Patterns Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Portion Distortion Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Energy Terms TEE: Total Energy Expenditure Basal Metabolism BMR: Basal Metabolic Rate – The rate of energy expenditure RMR: Resting Metabolic Rate – Energy expenditure in daily work other than sports-like exercise or sleeping REE: Resting Energy Expenditure Lean Body Mass TEF: Thermic Effect of Food or diet-induced thermogenesis – The energy required for digestion, absorption, metabolism and storage of nutrients. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9

Storing and Retrieving Energy Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10

Physical Activity Level and PA Value Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11

EER Prediction Equations Estimated energy requirements Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12

Contributing Factors for Obesity Inheriting a thrifty metabolism Adaptive thermogenesis Futile Cycling - Not effective steps in controlling obesity Brown Adipose Tissue Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13

Short-Term Control of Food Intake Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14

Weight-Loss Decisions Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Yo-yo Dieting Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 16

Weight Management on the Menu Watch your serving size Pour chips or crackers into a one-serving bowl rather than eating right from the bag or box. Check labels to see if your portion matches the serving size on the label. Don’t supersize—choose a small drink and a small order of fries. Have a plain burger, not one with a special sauce or an extra-large patty. When you eat out, share an entrée with a friend or take some home for lunch the next day. Cut down on high-calorie foods Have one scoop of ice cream rather than two. Have an apple with lunch instead of a candy bar. Bring your own lunch rather than eating out. Have water instead of soda. Switch to low-fat milk. Balance intake with exercise Go for a bike ride. Try bowling or miniature golf instead of watching TV on Friday nights. Take a walk during your lunch break or after dinner. Play tennis; you don’t have to be good to get plenty of exercise. Get off the bus one stop early. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 17

ABCs of Behavior Modification Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 18

Healthy Diet or Fad Diet? Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 19

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fat Blockers Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 20

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fat Blockers Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 21

Gastric Bypass and Banding Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 22

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Eating Disorders Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 23

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Eating Disorders Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 24

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Eating Disorders Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 25

Factors Contributing to Eating Disorders Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 26

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Image Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Image Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 28

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 9 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein. . Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 29