CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION  Chemically, soap is a salt of a fatty acid.  Soaps are mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants.  Soap is defined as a chemical compound or mixture of chemical compounds resulting from the interaction of fatty acids or fatty glycerides with a metal radical (or organic base).  Soap may also be described as any water-soluble salt of those fatty acids which contain eight or more carbon atoms.

Cont…  The metals commonly used in soap making are sodium and potassium, which produce water-soluble soaps that are used for laundry and cleaning purposes.  Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution.  Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol.

1.2.Problem of statement  The production of quality soaps at cheaper rate has been a hitch to many soap producers this has led to the production of soaps with poor qualities and high cost of production.  Blending various vegetable oils of different qualities and prices for soap production could go a long way in the production of quality soaps for laundry, bathing and general cleaning purposes, still at minimized cost of production.

1.3.OBJECTIVE  General Objective:  To design a soap factory from a byproduct of oil factory  Specific objective  To produce glycerin as a byproduct of soap making  To teach local households how to make detergent for washing clothes.  To produce soap that can be used on both hard and soft water.

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW  Soap, a product with a 5,000 year history, remains an essential ingredient in modern living, used daily for medicinal and laundry purposes, for household cleansing and personal hygiene.  The simplicity of the process has led to its worldwide practice as a small business operation.  Large factory operations are exclusively based on the modern continuous process, which produces soap in only 15 minutes but requires machinery that is expensive, and demands close production control, a very large output is required to be economical.

Cont…  Property of soap  Solubility: both soda and potash soaps are readily soluble in either alcohol or hot water. In cold water they dissolve more slowly, and owing to slight decomposition, due to hydrolysis, the solution distinctly turbid.  Product description and application Soap is a cleansing agent or detergent, made from animal and vegetable fats, oils and greases; chemically, the sodium salt of a fatty acid, formed by the interaction of fats and oils with alkali.

Cont…  Application of soap  Soap is an essential chemical in modern life, because it has great application in; Medical Cleaning(laundry purpose, for hose hold and personnel hygiene) As lubrication of machines.

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