Evolution Of Electronic Device: Diode, Transistor And IC

PRESENTED BY:- Ashif Bin Hossain UNDER GUIDENCE OF:- Tanzina Alamgir Lecterur,Department of CSE,SUB

Contents  Introduction  Brief History  Diode (Characteristics, Biased PN Junction, Types, Application)  Transistors (Uses, Advantages, Disadvantages, Types)  Integrated Circuit (Classifications, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages, Application)  Video (Fabrication of Integrated Circuit)

Introduction WHAT IS DIODE ?  A diode is a two terminal device which allows current to pass in one direction only. WHAT IS TRANSISTOR ?  Transistor is a three terminal device which allows current to flow from high resistance region to low resistance region.

Introduction(contd.) WHAT IS INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ?  A complex set of electronic components and their interconnections that are imprinted onto a tiny slice of semiconducting material.  Integrated Circuits are usually called ICs or chips.

Brief History  1904’S – Vacuum tube (also called Thermionic Diodes) was invented by John Fleming.  1945’s – Bell labs established a group to develop a semiconductor (also called Solid-State Diodes) replacement for vacuum tubes.  1947’s – Transistor invented by American physicist John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley. John Fleming John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley

Brief History  1952’s – First integrated circuit was proposed by G.W.A Dummer.  1958’s – First functional integrated circuit was demonstrated and patented by Jack Kilby.  1959’s – Robert Noyce also patented the integrated circuit G.W.A Dummer Jack Kilby Robert Noyce

Diode diode bridge

Diode Characteristics  Reverse voltage and current  Peak current and voltage  Capacitance  Recovery time  Sensitivity to temperature

The Biased PN Junction Of Diodes Forward Bias:  Diode is forward biased when Vapplied > 0  Diode conducts current strongly  Effective resistance (impedance) of diode is small Reverse Bias:  Diode is reverse biased when Vapplied < 0  Diode conducts current very weakly (typically < mA)  Effective resistance (impedance) of diode is very large

Types Of Diodes

Diode Application  Protect circuits by limiting the voltage (clipping and clamping)  Turn AC into DC (voltage rectifier)  Voltage multipliers (e.g. double input voltage)  Non-linear mixing of two voltages (e.g. amplitude modulation)

Transistor Replica of first transistor

Uses Of Transistors  Transistors can serve as a switches or amplifiers.  As switches they can be very useful in displays, to turn a pixel (an LED for example) on or off.  As amplifier they can be used to amplify a digital or analog signal.  More importantly by connecting several transistors, and in particular CMOS together logic gates can be created (example: NOT, AND, OR, NAND etc.)

Advantages Of Transistors  Transistors are small in size, needs very little power, run cool and much more reliable.  Due to their small size, the 2nd generation computers were small, faster and reliable.  Very low sensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration.  Circuits with greater energy efficiency are usually possible.  Complementary devices available, providing design flexibility.

Disadvantages Of Transistors  They are usually costly and had less memory than ICs.  Silicon transistors can age and fail.  High-power, High-frequency operation, such as that used in over-the-air television broadcasting.  The power transistor cannot be operating satisfactorily above switching frequency of 15 kH z.

Types Of Transistors Transistor Types BJT NPN PNP FET Junction FET Depletion Mode N-ChannelP-Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET Depletion Mode N-ChannelP-Channel Enhancement Mode N-ChannelP-Channel

Types Of Transistors NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor

Types Of Transistors PNP Bipolar Junction Transistor

Types Of Transistors N-Channel JFET

Types Of Transistors P-Channel JFET

Types Of Transistors N-Channel MOSFET

Types Of Transistors P-Channel MOSFET

IC (Integrated Circuits)

CLASSIFICATION Of IC’s  Analog IC’s Ex: op-Amps, voltage regulators  Digital IC’s Ex: Microprocessors, Multiplexers, Decoders  Mixed signal IC’s Ex: ADC,DAC Voltage Regulators Decoders ADC

Types Of IC’s Name Of ICGenerationYear of inventionNumber of Transistors Example SSI (Small Scale Integration) 1 st generation19641 to 100Logic gate (NOT,NOR,NAND) MSI (Medium Scale Integration) 2 nd generation to 500Counter, Multiplexer, Adder etc. LSI (Large Scale Integration) 3 rd generation to 20,000RAM, ROM etc. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) 4 th generation198020,000 to 1,000,000Used in ( PC, Graphics Card, Digital Camera) ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) 5 th generation19841,000,000 and moreSpecial Purpose Registers,

Types Of IC’s

Advantages Of IC  Small size  Low weight  Easy replacement  High speed  High temperature tolerance

Disadvantages Of IC  Lack of flexibility.  High power requirements.  Cannot be repaired.

Application Of IC  Computers  Smartphones  Space Program

Video (Fabrication Of IC)