MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition Chapter 2 The Power of Trade and Comparative Advantage

Outline  Trade and Preferences  Specialization, Productivity, and the Division of Knowledge  Comparative Advantage  Trade and Globalization 2

Discussion Question Think of the last time you bought or sold something. Why did you make the trade? 3 Answer: You probably traded because you preferred what you got over what you gave up. For example, if you bought a candy bar for $1, you probably preferred the candy bar to having $1 in your pocket.

Trade and Preferences  Selling a broken laser pointer on EBay (1995)  Offered at $1 and sold for $14.83 to a collector of broken laser points  One man’s junk is another man’s treasure  eBay profits by making buyers and sellers happy 4

Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok Modern Principles: Macroeconomics, Third Edition / Modern Principles of Economics, Third Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers

Introduction Benefits of Trade 1.Trade makes people better off when preferences differ. 2.Trade increases productivity through specialization and the division of knowledge. 3.Trade increases productivity through comparative advantage. 6

Trade and Preferences Trade Creates Value  Trade moves goods from people who value them less to people who value them more.  Trade makes people with different preferences better off. 7

Specialization Trade Allows Specialization  With no trade, there is no specialization.  People will specialize in the production of a single good only when they can trade for other goods. 8

Specialization Increased Productivity  We can produce more through trade than by individual production. People who specialize have more knowledge about their field. Because they sell large quantities, people who specialize can take advantage of large-scale equipment. 9

Specialization Division of Knowledge  Without specialization, each person produces their own food, clothing, and so on. Each person has the same knowledge as everybody else. The combined knowledge of a society is not much more than that of a single person. 10

Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok Modern Principles: Macroeconomics, Third Edition / Modern Principles of Economics, Third Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers

Specialization Division of Knowledge  With specialization, much more knowledge is used than could exist in a single brain.  Knowledge increases productivity so specialization increases total output.  Every increase in world trade is an opportunity to increase the division of knowledge.  When everyone knows something different, the combined brain power of society is huge 12

Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok Modern Principles: Macroeconomics, Third Edition / Modern Principles of Economics, Third Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers Reducing Trade Barriers, Berlin 1989

Self-Check One of the benefits of specialization is: a.Less pollution. b.More equality. c.Increased productivity. 14 Answer: c – increased productivity.

Definition Production Possibilities Frontier: Shows all the combinations of goods that a country can produce given its productivity and supply of inputs. 15

Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok Modern Principles: Macroeconomics, Third Edition / Modern Principles of Economics, Third Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers Production Possibilities Frontier  PPF is a very simplified and abstract model representing production and trade  PPF exists for a given country at a given point in time  PPF can be used to demonstrate: Scarcity Tradeoffs (opportunity costs) Efficiency (unemployment of resources) Economic growth

Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok Modern Principles: Macroeconomics, Third Edition / Modern Principles of Economics, Third Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers Production Possibilities Frontier  Assume that we have a two-country, two- good economic model  The table shows the labor (resource) required to produce each good for each economy  The PPF

Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok Modern Principles: Macroeconomics, Third Edition / Modern Principles of Economics, Third Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers Production Possibilities Frontier  The PPF for each economy based on the output table  Assuming that each economy has 24 units of labor as a resource, the PPF shows all the possible combinations of production for each country  The midpoint on each PPF represents equal division of labor between the two products (no trade occurring)

19 Production – Resource Inputs Units of Labor CountryComputersShirts Mexico122 U.S.11  The U.S. can produce both computers and shirts at lower cost (less labor).  The U.S. has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods.

Definition Absolute advantage: The ability to produce the same good using fewer inputs than another producer. 20

Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok Modern Principles: Macroeconomics, Third Edition / Modern Principles of Economics, Third Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers Production Possibilities Frontier

Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok Modern Principles: Macroeconomics, Third Edition / Modern Principles of Economics, Third Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers Martha Stewart: Writing Books vs Ironing

Comparative Advantage Absolute and Comparative Advantage  Another reason to trade is to take advantage of differences.  Countries have different climates, levels of human capital, and so on.  Different countries are therefore suited to produce different goods. 23

Definition Comparative advantage: Producing goods at the lowest opportunity cost. 24

Opportunity Costs and the PPF PPF illustrates the trade-offs or opportunity costs of producing more of one good by giving up the production of the other good. i.e. What is the cost of changing the mix of production for a given country? 25

26 Comparative Advantage Units of Labor CountryComputersShirts Mexico122 U.S.11  Assuming each country has 24 units of labor: Production Possibilities CountryComputersShirts Mexico212 U.S.24 OR

27 Comparative Advantage Units of Labor CountryComputersShirts Mexico122 U.S.11 Production Possibilities CountryComputersShirts Mexico212 U.S.24

Production Possibilities CountryComputersShirts Mexico212 U.S Comparative Advantage  With no trade, each country will produce some of each good.  The opportunity cost of a good is the amount of the other good that is given up.

Production Possibilities CountryComputersShirts Mexico212 U.S Comparative Advantage  In Mexico, 1 computer will cost 6 shirts, while 1 shirt will cost 1/6 of a computer.  In the U.S., 1 computer will cost 1 shirt, and 1 shirt will cost 1 computer.

30 Comparative Advantage Opportunity Cost Country1 Computer1 Shirt Mexico6 shirts1/6 computer U.S.1 shirt1 computer  Mexico has a comparative advantage (lowest opportunity cost) in shirts.  U.S. has a comparative advantage (lowest opportunity cost) in computers.

Self-Check If country A is able to produce furniture at a lower cost than country B, we would say that country A has a(n): a.Absolute advantage. b.Comparative advantage. c.No advantage. 31 Answer: a – absolute advantage means producing a good with fewer inputs (lower cost).

Comparative Advantage Absolute and Comparative Advantage  To benefit from trade, a country doesn’t need to have an absolute advantage.  A country can benefit from trade if it has a comparative advantage.  Comparative advantage can be illustrated with a production possibilities frontier. 32

33 Trade Increases Productivity  If each country produces some of each good and only consumes what it produces: Production Possibilities (no trade) CountryComputersShirts Mexico16 U.S.12 TOTAL:1318

34 Trade Increases Productivity  If each country specializes and trades, there is more of everything: Production Possibilities (before trade) CountryComputersShirts Mexico012 U.S.1410 TOTAL:1422

35 Trade Increases Productivity  If each country specializes and trades, there is more of everything (Mexico is giving 3 shirts for 1 computer): Production Possibilities (after trade) CountryComputersShirts Mexico19 U.S.13 TOTAL:1422

36 Trade Increases Productivity

Comparative Advantage Comparative Advantage and Wages  Differences in wages reflect differences in productivity.  Wages will be higher in high-productivity countries than in low-productivity countries.  Trade raises wages to the highest levels allowed by a country’s productivity. 37

Trade and Globalization Globalization and Wages  Wages will rise in high-demand industries and fall in low-demand industries.  Workers will move from low-wage industries to high-wage industries until wages equalize.  The transition isn’t always quick or easy. 38

Trade and Globalization More on Globalization and Wages While trade will improve worker’s standard of living, domestic wages are determined by labor productivity Simply increasing wages by government dictate will not make workers better off unless there is, somehow, an increase in productivity and output, i.e. raising wages will likely result in inflation 39

Trade and Globalization  “Tariffs and import quotas usually reduce the general welfare of a society.”  % of American Economics Association members Agree92% Disagree 6%  “The U.S. should eliminate remaining tariffs and other barriers to trade.”  % of AEA members Agree88% Disagree 8% 40

Example 1 Erin has a choice between two activities: She can repair one transmission per hour or she can repair two fuel injectors per hour. What is the opportunity cost of repairing one fuel injector? a)1 transmission b)½ transmission c)2 transmissions 41

Example 2 Deirdre has a choice between writing one more book this year or five more articles this year. What is the opportunity cost of writing half of a book this year, in terms of articles? a)1/5 article b)1 article c)2.5 articles d)10 articles 42

Example 3 43 Which country has the absolute advantage in producing high-quality cars? Low-quality cars? a)North has absolute advantage in both b)South has absolute advantage in both c)North: high-quality, South: low-quality d)South: high-quality, North: low-quality

Example 4 44 What is the opportunity cost of each high-quality car (HQ) in the South? a)½ of a low-quality (LQ) car b)1 LQ car c)2 LQ cars d)1.5 LQ cars

Example 5 45 What is the opportunity cost of each high-quality car (HQ) in the NORTH? a)½ of a low-quality (LQ) car b)1 LQ car c)2 LQ cars d)1.5 LQ cars

Takeaway  Trade makes people better off when preferences differ.  With specialization and trade, the total sum of knowledge used in an economy increases tremendously.  A country can increase its standard of living by specializing in what it can make at low (opportunity) cost and trading.  "When goods don't cross borders, armies will.“ - attributed incorrectly to Frederic Bastiat, but it sounds a lot like Bastiat 46