Exploring Wind Energy

What Makes Wind Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Global Wind Patterns Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

History of Wind Energy 5000 BC Sailboats used on the Nile indicate the power of wind AD First windmills developed in Persia 1300 AD First horizontal-axis windmills in Europe 1850s Daniel Halladay and John Burnham build Halladay Windmill; start US Wind Engine Company Late 1880s Thomas O. Perry conducted 5,000 wind experiments; starts Aermotor Co mpany 1888 Charles F. Brush used windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, OH Early 1900s Windmills in CA pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds 1941 In VT, Grandpa’s Knob turbine supplies power to town during WWII 1979 First wind turbine rated over 1 MW began operating 1985 CA wind capacity exceeded 1,000 MW 1993 US WindPower developed first commercial variable-speed wind turbine 2004 Electricity from wind generation costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh 2013 Wind power provided over 17% of renewable energy used in US Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Why Wind Energy? Clean, zero emissions NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 Air quality, water quality Climate change Reduce fossil fuel dependence Energy independence Domestic energy—national security Renewable No fuel-price volatility Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project US DOE, EERE 2015 Renewable Energy Data Book

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project US Electricity Generation from Non- Hydro Renewables

Top Wind Power Producing States, 2015 Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project RankStateMillion kWhRankStateMillion kWh 1Texas44,95914New York3,956 2Iowa17,87815Wyoming3,768 3Oklahoma14,01816Pennsylvania3,352 4California12,22817Nebraska3,154 5Kansas10,92718South Dakota2,481 6Illinois10,73319Idaho2,457 7Minnesota9,79720New Mexico2,067 8Colorado7,44121Montana1,962 9Washington7,10122Wisconsin1,641 10Oregon6,67523West Virginia1,376 11North Dakota6,53024Maine1,273 12Michigan4,77825Ohio1,206 13Indiana4,516

Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2016

Installed Wind Capacities |1999-Present Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project 1999 Total: 2,500 MW As of 10/17/2017 Total: 84,407 MW

Wind Energy Potential by State Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

U.S. Wind Resource Map Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Transmission Challenges Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

China Leads the World in Wind Capacity Source: Global Wind Energy Council

Why Such Growth? …costs are low! Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements cents/kWh cents/kWh cents/kWh 2011 Less than 5 cents/kWh Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Modern Wind Turbines Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor. Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Vertical-Axis Turbines Advantages Omni-directional accepts wind from any direction Components can be mounted at ground level ease of service lighter weight towers Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Disadvantages Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings Overall poor performance and reliability Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines Small (<10 kW ) Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g., water pumping, Telecom sites, ice making) Large (250 kW-2+ MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Schools Intermediate( kW) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Large Wind Turbines Common Utility-Scale Turbines 328’ base to blade Each blade is 112’ 200 tons total Foundation 20’ deep Rated at megawatts Supply about 500 homes Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Wind Turbine Components

How a Wind Turbine Operates

Installation of Wind Turbines Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Wind Turbine Perspective Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Workers Blade 112’ long Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Wind Farms Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Offshore Wind Farms Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Residential Wind Systems and Net Metering Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Potential Impacts and Issues Property Values Noise Visual Impact Land Use Wildlife Impact Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues. Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Impacts of Wind Power: Noise

Wildlife Impacts Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

For More Information The NEED Project Energy Information Administration U.S. Department of Energy Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

NEED IS SOCIAL! Stay up-to-date with NEED. “Like” us on Facebook! Search for The NEED Project, and check out all we’ve got going on! Follow us on Twitter. We share the latest energy news from around the Follow us on Instagram and check out the photos taken at NEED events, instagram.com/theneedproject. Follow us on Pinterest and pin ideas to use in your classroom, Pinterest.com/NeedProject. Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project