Do Now: Why did the United States join the war? A Flawed Peace Do Now: Why did the United States join the war?

Objectives Students will… W.31,32 Analyze the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders at the Paris Peace Conference. Compare the conflicting aims and aspirations of the conferees at Versailles and the treaty of Versailles’ economic and moral effects on Germany. W.31,32

The Allies Win the War Russia Withdraws Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar to step down from throne in 1917. Communists soon take control of Russia’s government. Russia signs a treaty with Germany in March 1918, pulls out of war.

Collapse of Germany and Austria-Hungary Nov. 3, 1918, A-H surrendered Nov. 9, Germ soldiers mutinied Kaiser Wilhelm II gave up throne Nov. 11, GM surrendered. Final Toll: 22 mill. Died (100k Americans; 60% disease 20 mill. Union wounded; 10 mill. refugees

WWI Total Casualties Belgium 45,550 GB 942,135 France 1,368,000 Greece 23,098 Italy 680,000 Japan 1,344 Montenegro 3,000 Portugal 8,145 Romania 300,000 Russia 1,700,000 Serbia 45,000 U.S. 116,516 A-H 1,200,000 Bulgaria 87,495 Germany 1,935,000 Ottoman Empire 725,000

Wilson’s Plan for Peace Wilson proposes Fourteen Points—an outline for lasting world peace Calls an end to alliances and military buildups Promotes self-determination—right of people decide for themselves what government they wished to live

Fourteen Points League of Nations End of secret treaties Freedom of the seas Free trade Arms reductions Adjustment of colonial claims Settlement of questions regarding Russian territory Restoration of Belgium Restoration of France’s territories including Alsace- Lorraine Readjustment of Italy’s borders Peoples of Austria-Hungary given self-determination Serbia given access to the sea and can join with other Balkan states (Yugoslavia created). Turkish portion of Ottoman empire sovereign, but other portions given self- determination. Dardanelles open to as shipping passage to all nations. Independent Poland League of Nations

Setting the Stage WWI was over in November 1918 In January 1919, a conference was held at the Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles

Key Leaders Come Together “The Big Four” dominated the peace talks in Paris at Versailles. Woodrow Wilson Georges Clemenceau David Lloyd George Vittorio Orlando

Treaty of Versailles Simulation

How did you do? War Guilt Clause – GM solely responsible for the war. Reparations War Guilt Clause – GM forced to pay the Allied $33 billion in reparations over 30 years. German Military Reduce size of GM army; prohibited from importing/manufacturing weapons or war materials. German Colonies GM surrenders all of its overseas colonies in AF & the Pacific Rhineland French control Rhineland Alsace & Lorraine Returned to France League of Nations Int’l peace organization; enemy & neutral nations initially excluded; GM & RU excluded.

The Versailles Treaty Allies and Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 Creates League of Nations—international organization to keep peace.

Treaty’s Effect on Germany Loss of territory Military restrictions “War guilt” Germanys colonies were declared mandates $ Reparations $

Treaty’s Effect on Other Central Powers New nations: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, and Yugoslavia (formerly Austria-Hungary) Ottoman Empire was forced to give up almost their entire empire They only retained what is modern day Turkey

Europe Pre-World War I

New European Countries Post World War I Estonia-land lost by Russia Latvia-land lost by Russia Lithuania-land lost by Russia Poland-restored from land lost by Germany and Russia Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Romania-gained land Yugoslavia

“A Peace Build on Quicksand” Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness in Germany Broke, demoralized, depressed America never ratifies Treaty of Versailles Many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence Japan and Italy- both entered to war to get territory- gained less land than they wanted LON – no real effectiveness “All bark and no bite” OVERALL- Treaty of Versailles was BAD

Exit Ticket How do you think the end of WWI will contribute to setting the stage for WWII? Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, War Guilt Clause, Reparations