L25A: Language, Gender and Sex 2006-2007 Lecturer: Emmogene Budhai-Alvaranga Email addresses: ebudhai@yahoo.com or emmogene.budhai02@uwimona.edu.jm L23A Website: www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/courses/l25a Please Turn off all cellular phones & pagers 10/12/2018

Topics - the Session Sex vs. Gender Gender and its socio-cultural context; its place in society. 10/12/2018

Sex vs. Gender Sex: produces categories distinguished by biological characteristics - man vs. woman Gender: produces categories which are based on socio-cultural behaviour - male vs. female 10/12/2018

Gender identity (Holmes, 2001:303) Women - adapt to ‘masculine context’ eg. women in certain jobs – police force Men - adapt to ‘feminine context’ eg. Men working in clothing stores or hairdressing salons   10/12/2018

Women’s and Men’s language 1. Gender-exclusive speech differences: difference in languages used (eg. given by Holmes 2001: 150) differences in linguistic features (eg. found in Jespersen 1922) 10/12/2018

Rochefort (1655, cited in Jespersen, 1922:237) “the men have a great many expressions peculiar to them, which the women understand but never pronounce themselves. On the other hand, the women have words and phrased which the men never use, or they would be laughed to scorn. Thus it happen that in their conversations it often seems as if the women had another language than the men.” 10/12/2018

The repetoires of personal pronouns of men and women are different as follows:   Pronoun: First person (I) Men’s speech Women’s speech Formal watakusi watakusi watasi atakusi* Plain boku watasi atasi* 10/12/2018

Japanese cont’d Second person (you) Men’s speech Women’s speech Formal anata anata Plain kimi anata anta* anta*   (*marks variants of a social dialect) [source: Mesthrie, Swann, Leap, Deumert 2000:219] 10/12/2018

Women’s and Men’s language Gender-preferential speech features They use same speech forms – difference in quantity or frequencies of use. Women tend to prefer standard forms, men prefer vernacular forms. Example: women produced more ‘th’ than alternatives [f], [t], [d]   10/12/2018

Explanations of women’s linguistic behaviour: the social status explanation different patterns of socialization dominance/Subordinate group must be polite. 10/12/2018