History of Africa

Contents Prehistory Antiquity Medieval and Early Modern (6th to 18th centuries) Contents

Berbers First known people to settle in North Africa Traded with people in western Africa Romans conquered North Africa and introduced camels Broad feet did not sink in sand, humps store fat for food, could travel without water Consider talking about: Paleolithic Emergence of agriculture and desertification of the Sahara Central Africa Metallurgy Photo by José-Manuel Benito Álvarez —> Locutus Borg / Public domain

Bantu The people Benue river Traveled slowly nomads Settled much of Africa Spread skills like pottery and mining Spread Swahili language This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Antiquity Remember Kush, Meroe, and Egypt? Consider talking about: Ancient Egypt Nubia Carthage Somalia Roman North Africa Aksum West Africa Bantu expansion Remember Kush, Meroe, and Egypt? Photo by Ricardo Liberato / CC BY-SA 2.0

Sheba or Saba Sheba- ancient kingdom (Ethiopia) Queen Makeda traveled to meet with King Solomon Introduced Judaism to her empire This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Axum Ethiopia was known as Abyssinia Axum was a city state Located on Red Sea Excellent trade location Fought Kush for control of trade routes to inland Africa King Ezana defeated Kush A.D. 300 Brought Christianity to Axum This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Zimbabwe Inland southeastern Africa A.D. 700 Shona people Gold, copper, ivory Mutota and son Matope expanded empire This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Ghana First Empire to develop Crossroads of trade Between Niger and Senegal River Traders had to pass through Ghana Tax paid for passage Ghana knew how to make weapons, like Kush it used weapons to conquer neighbors Owned no gold mines, controlled people who did Huge army People would trade at almost any price: paid taxes to get salt from Berber mines or gold from West Africa This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Ghana’s Government King’s settled arguments, managed trade, protected empire Council of ministers Provinces governed by lesser kings Clans Only the king could own gold nuggets; people traded in dust Matrilineal- kingdom inherited by son of king’s sister

Fall of Ghana Discovery of new gold outside Ghana’s control reduced taxes Heavy farming robbed soil of minerals and made it hard to grow crops Constant fighting among Ghana’s rulers, who had accepted Islam and North African Muslims who wanted to build empires This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Mali Replaced Ghana in 1200s Sundiata Keita- lion prince seized capital of Ghana in 1240 Mali now in control of gold mining areas Rebuilt gold and salt trade Mansa Musa- This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Mali’s Government More territory, more people Fishing, forests, farming, money Provinces; Sundiata put generals in charge Mansa Musa rewarded citizens with gold, land, and horses National Honor of the Trousers- military heroes This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Songhai 1468 Sunni Ali drove Berbers out of Timbuktu This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 1468 Sunni Ali drove Berbers out of Timbuktu Began campaign of conquest Niger River Fleet of war canoes controlled Niger River Trade Armies swept in to Sahara and took control of Berber salt mines Largest empire in West Africa Moroccan army with cannon and gunpowder attacked Songhai This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Songhai Government Provinces Sunni continually moved This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Provinces Sunni continually moved Muhammad Ture- general seized power after his death Loyal Muslim- Islam influenced government

Askia Muhammad Muhammad Ture Drove Sunni Ali’s family out This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Muhammad Ture Drove Sunni Ali’s family out Kept local courts, but they honored Muslim law Made Timbuktu an important center for Islamic culture and learning This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Salt Mines Mining began in Middle Ages Underground and in sand dunes Salt traded ounce for ounce with gold Many salt deposits in western Africa Part of desert was once shallow salt water sea People need salt to stay healthy Salt used to preserve food Salt used to flavor food

Rainforest Kingdoms Benin- rose along Niger delta King Ewuare Sculpting and carving metal, wood, and ivory Kongo formed in Congo River Basin weavers Farmable soil warm, wet climate Traded surplus food bananas, yams, rice This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

African REligion Consider talking about: Sao civilization Kanem Empire Bornu Empire Shilluk Kingdom Baguirmi Kingdom Wadai Empire Luba Empire Lunda Empire Kingdom of Kongo Horn of Africa Photo by Ferrandi / Public domain

Oluadah Equiano Igbo One Creator of all things an that he governs events, especially or deaths and captivity People could only talk to their god through lesser gods Nanti thought people could talk directly with their god Many believed the spirits of relatives who died stayed with community

Ibn Battuta Arab lawyer from Morocco Traveled for 30 years Islam popular in cities; rural areas followed traditional religions Pleased by Mansa Musa who worked to make Islam stronger Mansa Musa made hajj to Mecca

Swahili and Bantu Swahili means people of the coast Culture and language Blend of African and Muslim influences

Queen Nzinga Matamba Angola South West Africa Fought Portuguese slave traders Declared her kingdom free territory and promised that all enslaved Africans who made it to her kingdom would be free Sealed trade routes used to ship enslaved Africans out of country This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Slavery Within Africa Bantu chiefs raided villages for captives who became laborers who could be freed for a payment Criminals or enemies taken in wars Became part of Saharan trade Trade grew as Muslims Europeans opened new market for slavery