MondAY, February 12, 2018 Creation HYMNS IN the rig veda

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MondAY, February 12, 2018 Creation HYMNS IN the rig veda Vedic fire sacrifice Michael C. Shapiro, Dept. of Asian Languages and Literature

Who were the Aryans? Migrated into India by middle of 2nd millennium BC Spoke Indo-European dialects that gradually evolved into Sanskrit and other I-A languages Their culture and language related to that of other Indo-European peoples Had a nomadic culture and economy based upon domesticated animals Composed a rich body of poetic compositions preserved by Indian tradition as the Vedas

Arrival in India of Aryans

Who were the Aryans? Placed great importance upon religious rituals involving a fire sacrifice Worshipped a pantheon of gods, many of whom were personifications of elements of the natural world (e.g. sun, moon, fire, wind, sky) Many of the Vedic gods and religious practices had analogs in other Indo- European languages and cultures

The word “Veda” From Indo-European verbal root vid- ‘to see, behold, perceive’ Note Latin verb, video ‘I see’

The four Vedas

Form and Structure of Rig Veda 1028 song or “hymns” Each addressed to particular deity, revealed to different sage (rishi), and a specific meter Hymns arranged into 10 books (called mandalas); mandalas 1 and 10 are the latest of the ten; earliest poems probably go back to 1200-1000 BCE Each mandala ascribed to a different family (or lineage) of sages Each poems contains 1-52 stanzas, composed in various meters, regulated according to length of syllables

Major Deities in Rig Veda Indra (war god) Soma (personification of psychedelic drug) Agni (god of sacrifice and fir) Surya/Savitr (personification of the sun) Varuna (god of celestial sphere; god justice and punishment) Vak/Vac (personification of speech) Yama (god of the dead) Maruts (storm clouds)

Some Themes in Rig Veda Hymns addressed to particular deities (Agni, Soma, Surya, Indra, etc.) Creation; afterlife Power of speech Well-known stories (e.g. Pururavas and Urvashi) Practical concerns (health; bad dreams, sins, safe pregnancy and birth Gambling, war, horses and horse racing

Indra (289 hymns) Indra wielding a thunder bolt (vajra) Indra mounted on an elephant

Agni (218 hymns) Agni mounted on ram Agni mounted on a ram Agni with consort Svaha

Soma (123 hymns) Soma being transported on a cart in modern reenactment of Vedic ritual Soma associated with soaring bird

Ashwins (56 hymns) Gemini constellation Ashwins, twin children of Surya

Varuna (46 hymns) Varuna mounted on a crocodile Sculptural representation of Varuna

Maruts (38 hymns)

Vishnu (6 hymns)

Ushas [dawn] (21 hymns)

Vayu [wind] (12 hymns) Vayu mounted on an antelope

Surya (8 hymns)

Yama

Creator gods: Vishvakarma & Prajapati

Nasadiya sukta https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSb8SvC93Ws