Urbanisation & Development ALL: To understand the definitions of the keywords, applying examples to highlight their meaning. MOST: To understand the opinion of development theorists in relation to the topic, and evaluate their claims. SOME: To analyse the role of push & pull factors in development and overurbanisation https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/16d241a6-af1a-4463-8148-8d9940ce1302

What is Urbanisation (A01) & how does it link to development (A02)? Urbanisation means the increase in urban populations, compared to rural populations. During periods of industrialisation, people have migrated from rural areas to urban areas in search of work. http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zym3cdm Explain the historical trends between MEDCs & LEDCs.

Push & Pull Factors Urbanisation in the Developing World (A01) DISPLACEMENT BY NEW AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY CHANGES IN ASPIRATIONS OF YOUTH AS THEY ACCESS MODERN MEDIA LOSS OF LAND JOBS, ESPECIALLY IN TNCS POVERTY ESCAPE TRADITIONS OF FAMILY, CULTURE, AND RELIGION PERCEPTION THAT UNRBANISATION = WESTERNISATION = SOPHISTICATION PERCEPTION THAT THE BRIGHT LIGHTS OF THE CITY OFFER A BETTER STANDARD OF LIVING ACCESS TO SERVICES SUCH AS HEALTH & EDUCATION NATURAL DISASTERS E.G. DROUGHT THE PERCEPTION THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF WAGED JOBS ARE AVAILABLE DISATERS CAUSED BY POOR GOVERNANCE, E.G. CIVIL WAR, REFUGESS

Push & Pull Factors Urbanisation in the Developing World (A01)

Modernisation Theory – Positive (A02) Modernisation theory argues that urbanisation is the key to development

Modernisation Theory – Positive (A02) In modernisation theory, the growth of cities symbolises the triumph of Western models of development and Western ideals. The city is seen as a place that rejects traditional goals and aspirations and replaces them with notions of meritocracy, activism and individualism. Hoselitz (1964) argues that the cities encourage people to work, and contribute to the economy, because the system within urban areas is focused on achieved status (success based on achievement rather than social position) and meritocracy (allocation of people to positions in society based on ability rather than family). Critics of this theory argue that it is ethnocentric, because it’s based on Western cities, Western capitalism and Western ideals. Additionally, it’s seen as rather unclear in places – it doesn’t say how power, wealth and development move from rural areas into urban areas, it just assumes that they do. Develop understanding by highlighting two additional knowledge points (A01), and two additional criticisms (A03) from page 233 in the textbook.

Dependency Theory – Negative (A02) Using page 234 of the Textbook – Summarise the views of Dependency Theorists in 3 sentences

Recap Problems of Urbanisation in… Countries Developed Developing

Recap - Problems of Urbanisation Developed Developing New found social problems: drug dependency, crime, homelessness Urban Underclass (Neocolonialism) New International Division of Labour (Loss of jobs) Slums / Shanty Towns Urban Sprawl Overcrowding Pollution (Rapid Industrialisation) Lack of investment / sustainable cities Sanitation Wealth transferred to developed world

ADDITIONAL CONCEPTS Discuss, define and give examples of these concepts. Link in development theorists: Modernisation & Dependency Theory. Higher level: What would Neoliberals and Counter Industrial Theorists say about Urbanisation?

Case Study Focus – Slums (A02) Watch and make notes - 3:00-6:00 & 9:00-11:30 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vr6gIjbMAjc&list=PL416u5bH2h7FBsdybjoGtrDyZHEXEZAn5&index=12

Exam Practice Question ‘Urbanisation is a normal part of development and it brings many benefits to those in developing countries.’ To what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? (20 marks)

Urbanisation Targets T1 – Link in Theory (Modernisation +, Dependency -, Neoliberal +, Counter-Industrial -) T2 - Include any of the concepts you have not included from the mark scheme. T3 – Link in on or two Case Studies: Cape Town, Kibera, and/or Jakarta T4 – More discussion and links needed to social aspects of development (Break up of families, changing of traditional values, Migration, Living Conditions, Changes to Family Structure, Urbanisation, Gender Inequality) T5 - More discussion and links needed to economic aspects of development (GDP, Wages, Jobs, Unemployment / Underemployment, International Division of Labour, Investment) T6 - More discussion and links needed to environmental aspects of development ( Rapid Industrialisation, Lack of Health & Safety Laws leading to disaster, Greenhouse Gases, Conditions in Shanty Towns / Squatter Settlements) T7 – Add regular links to you writing that show you are answering the question (e.g. this shows that Urbanisation has been useful/harmful/positive/negative in the process of development). T8 – Refer to at least 4 Sociologists in your answer (check the Textbook and make sure you use them in your answer). T9 – In your conclusion, give an overall judgement, including the most positive and negative contributions to development. Link in the complexities of measuring / judging the success and failures of urban growth (Methodological Issues)